gaca_gov_sa · circular · processed · 7 chunks
GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation ADVISORY CIRCULAR <table><tr><td>SUBJECT:HUMAN FACTORS PRINCIPLES IN CIVIL AVIATION</td><td>DATE:2016-02-29</td><td>AC NUMBER:000-03</td><td>VERSION:1.0</td></tr></table> NOTE: THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR IS PUBLISHED TO PROVIDE REGULATORY INFORMATION AND DESCRIBE ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE GENERAL AUTHORITY OF CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (GACAR). CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this advisory circular is to provide guidance and information on the development and application of Human Factors principles in those civil aviation organisations and operations where the General Authority of Civil Aviation Regulations (GACAR) require, and across the aviation industry in general. The information is broad in nature and primarily intended to provide source material for organisations to develop their own Human Factors training programs and to ensure that when they develop procedures, checklists, programs, manuals and systems that they do so with proper consideration of Human Factors principles. 1.2 Applicability. This advisory circular is applicable to all civil aviation organisations exercising privileges under those GACAR requiring adherence to Human Factors principles. 1.3 Cancellation. This is the first official version of this Advisory Circulars. 1.4 Related Regulatory Provisions. All of the GACAR. 1.5 Related Reading Material. Page 1 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation ICAO Doc 9683 - Human Factors Training Manual ICAO Doc 9758 - Human Factors Guidelines for Air Traffic Management (ATM) Systems ICAO Doc 9806 - Human Factors Guidelines for Safety Audits Manual ICAO Doc 9808 - Human Factors in Civil Aviation Security Operations ICAO Doc 9824 - Human Factors Guidelines for Aircraft Maintenance Manual ICAO Human Factors Digests: No. 1 - Fundamental Human Factors concepts No. 2 - Flight crew training: Cockpit resource management and line-oriented flight training No. 3 - Training of operational personnel in human factors No. 5 - Operational implications of automation in advanced technology flight decks No. 6 - Ergonomics No. 7 - Investigation of human factors in accidents and incidents No. 8 - Human factors in air traffic control No. 10 - Human factors, management and organization No. 11 - Human factors in CNS/ATM systems No. 12 - Human factors in aircraft maintenance and inspection No. 15 - Human factors in cabin safety No. 16 - Cross-cultural factors in aviation safety 1.6 Definitions of Terms Used in this Advisory Circular. Affected parties should refer to Subpart A of GACAR Part 1 for a full listing of defined terms used in the new GACARs and specifically those related to safety management and Human Factors. This Advisory Circular may introduce several additional definitions to aid in a common understanding of the ideas presented in this document. In cases where the definitions in this document differ from an identical term defined in GACAR Part 1, the definition in GACAR Part 1 will prevail when interpreting regulatory requirements. 1.7 Approval. This Advisory Circular has been approved for publication by the Assistant President, Safety, Security and Air Transport Sector of the General Authority of Civil Aviation. Page 2 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation CHAPTER 2 – HUMAN FACTORS PRINCIPLES IN CIVIL AVIATION 2.1 Introduction. 2.1.1 Human error has been documented as a primary contributor to more than 70 percent of commercial airplane hull-loss accidents, and there is increasing evidence that human error may, in fact, contribute at a significantly higher rate. While typically associated with flight operations, human error has also recently become a major concern in aircraft maintenance practices and air navigation services including air traffic management. 2.1.2 The term ‘Human Factors’ refers to the wide range of issues affecting how people perform tasks in their work and non-work environments. The study of human factors involves applying scientific knowledge about the human body and mind, to better understand human capabilities and limitations so that there is the best possible fit between people and the systems in which they operate. Human factors knowledge can be used to reduce the likelihood of errors and at the same time build more error tolerant, and therefore more resilient, systems. 2.1.3 Human factors are the social and personal skills (for example, communication and decision making) which complement technical skills, and are important for safe and efficient aviation. What are human factors? 2.1.4 Human factors specialists look at human capabilities and limitations and the manner in which these capabilities and limitations interact with complex systems, such as those in aviation. The goal is to minimise the likelihood of human error and to maximise performance to improve the overall safety of the system. How do human factors affect you? 2.1.5 Safety management systems need to manage all areas of risk including those that increase the likelihood of human error. New regulations require pilots and engineers to receive training in human factors as part of minimising the likelihood and impact of human error. Do I need to train my staff in human factors? 2.1.6 Various GACAR sections require organisations to either include human factors principles in their operations, or to specifically include Human Factors training for their staff – this includes human factors training for flight crew, cabin crew, flight operations officers, flight dispatchers, maintenance engineering staff, and air navigation services staff. How do I find a human factors specialist for my organisation? Page 3 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation 2.1.7 Human factors specialists work in high-reliability safety-critical industries (e.g., maritime, rail, oil/gas, nuclear/hydro power, aviation, mining, firefighting), in user-design roles (e.g., developing search engines, communication devices); as consultants, or as practitioners/academics in universities. Is human factors the same as Human Resources (HR)? 2.1.8 No. Human factors is about humans interacting with systems. One HR element relevant to managing human performance, however, is training and assessment. What is the cost benefit of addressing human factors? 2.1.9 There is a clear cost benefit for organisations in managing human factors and designing systems to be user-centric. Reducing the likelihood of error can have substantial cost savings in terms of reduced down-time, repair work and reduction in injury to personnel. Ultimately, reducing error reduces the likelihood of accidents. 2.2 Elements of Human Factors Training Program. 2.2.1 The key to implementing a human factors program in any organization is training. There are a number of elements that need to be considered in the development of a Human Factors training program. These should be tailored around the specific aviation industry sector, but should include: Page 4 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدي General Authority of Civil Aviation <table><tr><td>Factor</td><td>Elements</td></tr><tr><td>Threats and errors</td><td>Definitions of human errorDefinition of threatDefinition of threat and error managementTypes of threat and errorsThreat identificationThreat management strategiesError chainError prevention and detectionError management strategies</td></tr><tr><td>Organisational factors</td><td>Definition of safety cultureElements of positive safety cultureReporting system as a function of overall safety managementUse of safety data to rectify problems and reduce risksOrganisational factors, latent risksOrganisational risk toleranceSOPs development based on human factorsCompany culture re SOP adherence</td></tr></table> Page 5 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation <table><tr><td>Stress and fatigue</td><td>Definition of stress, stress management, and fatigueIdentify stressEffects of stressStress management techniquesFatigue and tiredness - causes and symptomsCircadian rhythms, biological clock, jet lag, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Fatigue risk management systems (FRMS)</td><td>Management of fatigue at the individual and organisational levels</td></tr><tr><td>Information acquisition and processing</td><td>Definition of information acquisition, information processingStages of information processingAttention and perceptionTypes of memoryLimitations and failures of memoryTechniques for improving/enhancing memorySkill development</td></tr></table> Page 6 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation <table><tr><td>Situational awareness and workload management</td><td>Definition of situational awareness and workload managementTypes of situational awarenessComponents of situational awarenessActivities to achieve situational awarenessLoss of situational awareness - recognition and recoveryCapacity limitations and cognitive overloadWorkload management strategiesPrioritisationManaging distractions</td></tr><tr><td>Decision making</td><td>Definition of decision makingFactors affecting decision makingBiasTypes of decision makingOption generationDecision making skillsProblem solving techniquesRisk management</td></tr></table> Page 7 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation <table><tr><td>Communication</td><td>Definition of communicationModes of communicationFactors affecting communication / barriers to effective communicationStandard phraseologyListeningCommunication styles and techniquesInternal and external communicationBriefings</td></tr><tr><td>Leadership and team behavior</td><td>Definition of leadership and authorityAttributes and qualities of good leadersAssertivenessAuthority gradientIdentify factors affecting team performanceDefine Crew Resource ManagementMethods of optimising CRMGroup decision making – advantages and disadvantagesCooperation and team buildingConcept of managementConflict resolutionCultural differences</td></tr></table> Page 8 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation <table><tr><td>Automation, vigilance and monitoring</td><td>Definition of automation, vigilance and monitoringGuidelines on use of automationMode awareness/understandingAutomation complacencyRedundancy and automation failure detectionInterventionNeed for active monitoringTechniques for improving monitoringDetection of failureFactors affecting vigilance</td></tr></table> 2.3 External Sources. Further information on human factors in civil aviation can be found through a number of sources, and in a number of publications, including: - International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (www.icao.org/) Documents - Refer Paragraph 1.5 of this AC. • United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UKCAA) (www.caa.co.uk/) Document - CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66 Document - CAP 716 Aviation Maintenance Human Factors (EASA Part-145) Document - CAP 718 Human Factors in Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection Document - CAP 719 Fundamental Human Factors Concepts Page 9 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0 GACA® اللغه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation Document - CAP 737 Flightcrew human factors handbook Document - CAP1159 A strategy for human factors Document - CAP1209 Human Factors: Action Plan • Eurocontrol (www.eurocontrol.int/) Location – Eurocontrol - Human Factors Library (www.eurocontrol.int/articles/human-factors-library) Document - Human Performance in Air Traffic Management - Skybrary (www.skybrary.aero/) Document - Operators Guide to Human Factors in Aviation Document - Human Factors Training • European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) (www.easa.europa.eu/) Document - 2012 European Strategy for Human Factors in Aviation Document - Regulatory Inspector Human Factors Competence Framework • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (www.faa.gov/) Location - Human Factors Group (www.hf.faa.gov/) Location – Aviation Research Division – Human Factors Branch (ANG-E25) (www.hf.tc.faa.gov/) Document - FAA Order 9550.8 Human Factors Policy Document – Role of Human Factors in the FAA Page 10 AC 000-03 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 1.0