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GACA العربيه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 91 - General Operating and Flight Rules SUBPART A – GENERAL § 91.1 Applicability. 8 § 91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command. 9 § 91.5 PIC of Aircraft Requiring More Than One Pilot. 9 § 91.7 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness. 10 § 91.8 Flight Logbook. 10 § 91.9 Required Documents. 11 § 91.11 Empty Mass and Center of Gravity: Currency Requirement. …… 12 § 91.13 Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Marking, and Placard Requirements. · 12 § 91.15 Prohibition on Interference With Crew Members. 13 § 91.17 Careless or Reckless Operation. 13 § 91.19 Dropping Objects. 13 § 91.21 Psychoactive Substances. 14 § 91.23 Carriage, Selling and Offering of Psychoactive Substances. 14 § 91.25 Portable Electronic Devices. 15 § 91.27 Transport of Dangerous Goods. 15 § 91.29 Marshaling Signals. 16 § 91.33 Aircraft Taxi on Aerodrome Movement Areas. 17 § 91.35 Rotor Engagement. 17 § 91.37 Use of Electronic Flight Bags. 17 SUBPART B – FLIGHT RULES § 91.41 Applicability. 19 § 91.43 Preflight Action. 19 § 91.45 Passenger Briefing. 20 § 91.47 Flight Crew Members at Stations. 21 § 91.49 Use of Safety Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint Systems. 22 § 91.51 Carry On Baggage. 22 § 91.53 Carriage of Cargo. 22 § 91.55 Stowage of Food, Beverage, and Passenger Service Equipment During……23 Aircraft Movement on the Surface, Takeoff, and Landing. § 91.57 Flight Instruction: Simulated Instrument Flight and Certain Flight……24 Tests. § 91.59 Operating Near Other Aircraft. 25 § 91.61 Right-of-way Rules: Except Water Operations. 26 § 91.63 Right of Way Rules: Water Operations. 27 Page 1 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES § 91.65 Aircraft Speed. 28 § 91.67 Minimum Safe Altitudes: General. 28 § 91.69 Minimum Altitudes for Use of Autopilot in Airplanes. 29 § 91.71 Altimeter Settings. 31 § 91.73 Flight Plans: General. 32 § 91.75 Operation on and in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome. 33 § 91.77 Mandatory IFR Above Flight Level 150. 36 § 91.79 Notifications Required From Operators. 36 § 91.91 Time. 37 § 91.93 Adherence to Flight Plan. 37 § 91.95 Communications. 40 § 91.97 Radiotelephony Procedures. 42 § 91.99 Clearances: General. 43 § 91.101 Compliance With ATC Clearances and Instructions. 44 § 91.103 Position Reporting. 45 § 91.105 Periodic Reporting of Flight Progress. 47 § 91.107 ATC Light Signals. 47 § 91.109 Reporting of Degraded Performance. 48 § 91.111 Uncertainty of Position on the Maneuvering Area. 48 § 91.121 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome in Class G Airspace. 49 § 91.123 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome in Class F Airspace. 50 § 91.125 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome in Class E Airspace. 50 § 91.127 Operations in Class D Airspace. 50 § 91.129 Operations in Class C Airspace. 53 § 91.131 Operations in Class B Airspace. 53 § 91.133 Operations in Restricted and Prohibited Areas. 54 § 91.135 Operations in Class A Airspace. 55 § 91.137 Operations in UTM airspace. 55 § 91.141 Temporary Flight Restrictions in the Vicinity of Disaster/Hazard Areas. 56 § 91.143 Emergency Air Traffic Rules. 58 § 91.145 Flight Restrictions in the Proximity of the Custodian of the Two Holy…58 Mosques and Other Parties. § 91.147 Temporary Restriction on Flight Operations During Abnormally High…58 Barometric Pressure Conditions. § 91.149 Management of Aircraft Operations in the Vicinity of Aerial....59 Demonstrations and Major Public Assemblies. § 91.161 Fuel Requirements for Flights Under VFR. 61 Page 2 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES § 91.163 VFR Flight Plan: Information Required. 61 § 91.165 Basic VFR Weather Minimums. 62 § 91.167 Special VFR Weather Minimums. 65 § 91.169 VFR Cruising Altitude. 66 § 91.171 Prohibition of Night VFR Flights. 66 § 91.173 Use of Aircraft Lights at Night. 66 § 91.181 Fuel Supply Requirements for Flight Under IFR. 67 § 91.183 ATC Clearance and Flight Plan Required. 68 § 91.185 IFR Flight Plan: Information Required. 68 § 91.187 VOR Equipment Check for IFR Operations. 70 § 91.191 Takeoff and Landing Under IFR. 71 § 91.193 PIC Qualifications: Increased IFR Landing Weather Minimums. … 77 § 91.195 Applicability of Reported Weather Minimums. 77 § 91.197 Operating in Icing Conditions. 77 § 91.199 Minimum Altitudes for IFR Operations. 78 § 91.201 IFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level. 79 § 91.203 Holding Procedures. 80 § 91.205 Initial Approach Altitude. 80 § 91.209 IFR Operations: Two Way Radio Communications Failure. 80 § 91.211 Change From IFR Flight To VFR Flight. 82 § 91.221 Use of Microphones. 82 § 91.223 Use of Oxygen. 82 § 91.225 Use of Medical Oxygen by Passengers. 84 § 91.227 Use of Airborne Weather Radar. 87 § 91.229 Use of ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment. ..... 87 § 91.231 Data Correspondence Between Automatically Reported Pressure......89 Altitude Data and the Pilot's Altitude Reference. § 91.233 Use of Flight Recorders and Retention of Recordings. 89 § 91.235 Use of Altitude Alerting System or Device: Turbojet Powered Civil..... 89 Airplanes. § 91.237 Use of ACAS Equipment. 90 § 91.239 Use of ADS-B Out. 91 § 91.241 Use of Aircraft Anticollision Lights. 92 § 91.243 Use of Life Preservers: Offshore Rotorcraft Operations. 92 § 91.251 Reporting of Adverse Conditions. 92 § 91.253 Notification of Suspected Communicable Diseases, or Other Public……93 Health Risk, on Board an Aircraft. Page 3 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES § 91.255 Interception of a Distress Transmission. 94 § 91.257 Actions in the Event of an Engine Inoperative. 94 § 91.259 Intercepted Aircraft: Required Action. 96 § 91.261 Operation of Restricted Category Aircraft. 98 § 91.263 Fuel Dumping. 98 § 91.265 Direction Finding Services. 98 § 91.267 In-Flight Fuel Management. 99 SUBPART C – AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT, AND CERTIFICATE REQUIREMENTS § 91.301 Civil Aircraft: Certifications Required. 100 § 91.303 Instruments and Equipment Requirements: Powered Saudi Arabian……100 Registered Aircraft With Standard Airworthiness Certificates. § 91.304 Instruments and Equipment Requirements: All Other Manned Saudi……119 Arabian Registered Aircraft. § 91.305 Supplemental Oxygen Supply Requirements. 123 § 91.307 Exterior Break In Point Markings. 127 § 91.309 Inoperative Instruments and Equipment. 128 SUBPART D – SPECIAL FLIGHT OPERATIONS § 91.391 Applicability. 131 § 91.393 LVO: LVTO. 131 § 91.395 LVO: LTS Category I. 131 § 91.397 LVO: Standard Category II. 131 § 91.399 LVO: Other Than Standard Category II. 132 § 91.401 LVO: Standard Category III. 132 § 91.403 LVO: Use of Enhanced Vision Systems or Head-Up Display. ……132 § 91.404 Required Communication Performance Operations. 133 § 91.405 Performance Based Navigation Operations. 133 § 91.407 Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications Operations. ……133 § 91.409 RVSM Operations. 134 § 91.410 Steep Approach Operations 134 § 91.411 Rotorcraft Emergency Medical Service Operations. 134 § 91.413 Rotorcraft Hoist Operations. 135 § 91.415 Rotorcraft Use of Night Vision Imaging Systems. 135 § 91.416 Air Ambulance Operations. 135 § 91.417 Aerobatic Flight. 135 § 91.419 Flight Test Areas. 136 § 91.421 Aircraft With Experimental Certificates: Operating Limitations. ……136 Page 4 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES § 91.423 Parachutes and Parachuting. 137 § 91.425 Towing. 138 § 91.427 Primary Category Aircraft: Operating Limitations. 139 § 91.429 Aircraft Having a Special Airworthiness Certificate in the Light Sport… 140 Category: Operating Limitations. § 91.431 Special Aviation Events. 141 § 91.433 Other Special Flight Operations. 142 SUBPART E – MAINTENANCE, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, AND ALTERATIONS § 91.441 Applicability. 143 § 91.443 General. 143 § 91.445 Maintenance Required. 143 § 91.447 Operation After Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, or… 144 Alteration. § 91.449 Inspections. 144 § 91.451 Altimeter System and Altitude Reporting Equipment Tests and....148 Inspections. § 91.452 Inspections and Recalibration of Flight Recorders. 149 § 91.453 ATC Transponder Tests and Inspections. 150 § 91.455 Changes to Aircraft Inspection Programs. 151 § 91.457 Maintenance Records. 151 § 91.459 Transfer of Maintenance Records. 153 § 91.461 Rebuilt Engine Maintenance Records. 153 SUBPART F – FOREIGN AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND OPERATIONS OF SAUDI ARABIAN REGISTERED CIVIL AIRCRAFT OUTSIDE OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT § 91.471 Applicability. 154 § 91.473 Persons on Board. 154 § 91.475 Operations of Saudi Arabian Registered Civil Aircraft Outside of the……154 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. § 91.476 Prohibition of Operations of Saudi Arabian Registered Civil Aircraft in·155 Certain Airspace Outside of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia § 91.477 Special Rules for Foreign Civil Aircraft. 155 § 91.479 Special Flight Authorizations for Foreign Civil Aircraft. 157 SUBPART G – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION § 91.501 Applicability. 158 Page 5 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES § 91.503 Operating Noise Limits: General. 158 § 91.505 Modification To Meet Chapter 3 or Chapter 4 Noise Levels. …… 158 § 91.507 Aircraft Sonic Boom. 158 § 91.509 Agricultural and Firefighting Airplanes. 158 § 91.511 Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emissions. 159 SUBPART H - WAIVERS § 91.601 Policy and Procedures. 160 § 91.611 List of Rules Subject to Waivers. 160 SUBPART I – SEARCH AND RESCUE § 91.701 Applicability. 163 § 91.703 Obligation to Provide Search and Rescue Assistance. 163 § 91.705 Procedures at the Scene of an Accident. 163 § 91.707 Search and Rescue Signals. 164 APPENDIX A TO GACAR PART 91 – AERODROMES/LOCATIONS: SPECIAL OPERATING RESTRICTIONS Section I. Locations at Which Special VFR Operations Are Prohibited. ……166 Section II. Foreign Locations Where Flight Operations Are Prohibited or……166 Restricted APPENDIX B TO GACAR PART 91 – MEDICAL KIT, UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION KIT, FIRST AID KIT SPECIFICATIONS Section I. Location and Contents of Medical Supplies. 167 APPENDIX C TO GACAR PART 91 – PERFORMANCE AND INSTALLATION STANDARDS FOR CERTAIN REQUIRED EQUIPMENT Section I. Crash Protected Flight Recorders. 173 Section II. Lightweight Flight Recorder. 198 Section III. Shoulder Harnesses. 202 Section IV. Child Restraint Systems. 203 Section V. Emergency Locator Transmitter. 205 Section VI. Third Gyroscopic Pitch and Bank Indicator. 206 Section VII. ADS-B Out. 206 Section VIII. Electronic Navigation Database. 210 Section IX. Communication Equipment. 210 Section X. Navigation Equipment. 211 Section XI. ACAS. 212 Section XII. TAWS. 213 Section XIII. PBE. 213 APPENDIX D TO GACAR PART 91 – SPECIAL FLIGHT OPERATIONS Page 6 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES AUTHORIZATIONS Section I. General Requirements for All Authorizations. 216 Section II. Low Visibility Operations (LVO). 217 Section III. PBN Operations. 221 Section IV. Operations With MNPS. 221 Section V. Operations in Airspace with RVSM. 222 Section VI. REMS Operations. 224 Section VII. RHO. 234 Section VIII. Rotorcraft Operations With an NVIS. 237 Section IX. PBCS Operations. 244 Section X. Steep Approach Operations. 245 APPENDIX E TO GACAR PART 91 – INTERCEPTION SIGNALS Section I. 249 APPENDIX F TO GACAR PART 91 – MARSHALING SIGNALS Section I. 251 APPENDIX G TO GACAR PART 91 – LIGHTS TO BE DISPLAYED BY AIRCRAFT ON THE WATER Section I. General. 264 Section II. When Under Way. 264 Section III. When Towing Another Vessel or Aircraft. 265 Section IV. When Being Towed. 266 Section V. When Not Under Command and Not Making Way. 267 Section VI. When Making Way but Not Under Command. 267 Section VII. When at Anchor. 268 Section VIII. When Aground. 270 APPENDIX H TO GACAR PART 91 – HOLDING PROCEDURES Section I. 272 APPENDIX I TO GACAR PART 91 - SEARCH AND RESCUE SIGNALS Section I. Signals with Surface Craft. 274 Section II. Ground-Air Visual Signal Code. 275 Section III. Air-to-Ground Signals. 276 Page 7 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المحلي General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES SUBPART A – GENERAL § 91.1 Applicability. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c) and (g) of this section and General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) Regulation (GACAR) § 91.471, 91.475, and 91.476, this Part prescribes rules governing the operation of aircraft, other than: (1) unmanned aircraft systems, moored balloons, kites, unmanned rockets, and unmanned free balloons, under GACAR Part 101; (2) ultralight vehicles operated under GACAR Part 103; and (3) model aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems under GACAR Part 107; within the sovereign area and territorial waters of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), including the waters within 3 NM of the KSA coast. (b) This part applies to each person on board an aircraft being operated under this part, unless otherwise specified. (c) The requirements for signalmen prescribed in GACAR § 91.29 apply to each person marshaling aircraft. (d) Reserved. (e) These rules are applicable to all aircraft operations in KSA territory, whether inside or outside the Jeddah Flight Information Region (FIR), except when specifically stated otherwise. (f) This part also establishes requirements for operators to take actions to support the continued airworthiness of each aircraft. (g) Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), other than those operated under GACAR Part 107, must comply with all applicable requirements in Subparts B, D, E and F of this Part. (h) Additional requirements for powered-lift operations are set forth in GACAR Part 100. GACAR Part 91 Page 8 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES NOTE: Requirements for the mandatory notification and reporting of aircraft accidents and aircraft incidents are contained in GACAR Part 4. § 91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command. (a) The pilot in command (PIC) of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation, safety and security of that aircraft and the safety of all crew members, passengers and cargo on board. (b) In an in flight emergency requiring immediate action, the PIC may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency. (c) Each PIC who deviates from a rule under paragraph (b) of this section must send a written report of that deviation to the President upon his request. (d) Each PIC is responsible for ensuring that a flight— (1) Will not be commenced if any flight crew member is incapacitated from performing duties by any cause such as injury, sickness, fatigue, or the effects of any psychoactive substance; (2) Will not be continued beyond the nearest suitable aerodrome when flight crew members' capacity to perform functions is significantly reduced by impairment of faculties from causes such as fatigue, sickness or lack of oxygen; and (3) Will not continue toward any aerodrome of intended landing if, in the opinion of the PIC, the flight cannot be completed safely, unless, in the opinion of the PIC, there is no safer procedure. In that event, continuation toward that aerodrome is an emergency situation. (e) Each PIC is responsible for ensuring that a flight will not be commenced unless it has been determined by every reasonable means available that the ground and/or water facilities, including communication facilities and navigation aids available and directly required for the flight and the safe operation of the aircraft, are adequate for the type of operation under which the flight is to be conducted. (f) Each PIC is responsible for notifying the nearest appropriate authority by the quickest available means of any accident involving the aircraft resulting in serious injury or death of any person or substantial damage to the aircraft or property. § 91.5 PIC of Aircraft Requiring More Than One Pilot. GACAR Part 91 Page 9 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (a) No person may operate an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot unless the PIC meets the proficiency requirements of GACAR § 61.17(b). (b) Each PIC must— (1) Ensure that each flight crew member holds a valid airman certificate issued under GACAR Part 61, or if issued by another Contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation is acceptable to the President; (2) Ensure that flight crew members are properly rated for the type of aircraft being flown; and (3) Ensure that flight crew members have demonstrated competency in accordance with the type of operation being conducted. (c) Each PIC of an aircraft equipped with an airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) II must ensure that each flight crew member has been appropriately trained to competency in the use of ACAS II equipment and the avoidance of collision. § 91.7 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness. (a) No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition. (b) The PIC of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight. The PIC must discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur. § 91.8 Flight Logbook. (a) An owner or operator of an aircraft must maintain a flight logbook for that aircraft. (b) The flight logbook must contain the following items: (1) Aircraft registration number, (2) The date the flight is operated, (3) Names of crew members, (4) Duty assignments of crew members, Page 10 GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المحلي General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (5) Place of departure, (6) Place of arrival, (7) Time of departure, (8) Time of arrival, (9) Duration of flight, and (10) Signature of the PIC. § 91.9 Required Documents. (a) The PIC must ensure the following documents are carried on board a Saudi Arabian registered aircraft at all times: (1) An original or a true copy of the aircraft certificate of registration; (2) An original or a true copy of the airworthiness certificate (to include the noise operating characteristics and certifications of the aircraft that demonstrate compliance with this part and GACAR Part 36); (3) An original or true copy of the aircraft radio station license; (4) A list of the names of all passengers carried and their places of origination and destination; (5) A manifest and detailed declaration of all cargo carried; (6) The flight logbook; (7) If the aircraft is the subject of an agreement under Article 83 bis of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, a true copy of that agreement or an approved summary sheet of that agreement; and (8) The essential information concerning the search and rescue services and procedures in the area over which the aircraft will be operated. (b) An owner, operator, or lessee, as applicable, of a Saudi Arabian registered aircraft must have a list of the emergency and survival equipment carried on board the aircraft available for immediate GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES communication to rescue coordination centers available at all times. The information must include, as applicable— (1) The number, color, and type of life rafts and pyrotechnics; (2) Details of emergency medical supplies and water supplies; and (3) The type and frequencies of the emergency portable radio equipment. § 91.11 Empty Mass and Center of Gravity: Currency Requirement. (a) No person may operate a Saudi Arabian registered aircraft unless the current empty mass and center of gravity are calculated from values established by actual weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36 months. (b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to— (1) Aircraft issued an original airworthiness certificate within the preceding 36 months, (2) Aircraft operated under an empty mass and balance control system approved in the operations specifications of the certificate holder; (3) Unmanned aircraft; and (4) Light-sport aircraft (LSA). § 91.13 Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Marking, and Placard Requirements. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved aircraft flight manual (AFM), markings, and placards, or as otherwise prescribed by the certificating authority of the State of registry. (b) No person may operate a Saudi Arabian registered aircraft unless the AFM is updated by implementing changes made mandatory under requirements prescribed in GACAR Part 21 or GACAR Part 39. (c) No person may operate a Saudi Arabian registered civil aircraft unless that aircraft is identified in accordance with GACAR Part 45. GACAR Part 91 Page 12 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA المينه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (d) Any person taking off or landing a rotorcraft certificated under GACAR Part 29 at a heliport constructed over water may make such momentary flight as is necessary for takeoff or landing through the prohibited range of the limiting height speed envelope established for the rotorcraft, if that flight through the prohibited range takes place over water on which a safe ditching can be accomplished and if the rotorcraft is amphibious or is equipped with floats or other emergency flotation gear adequate to accomplish a safe emergency ditching on open water. § 91.15 Prohibition on Interference With Crew Members. (a) No person may assault, threaten, intimidate, or interfere with a crew member in the performance of the crew member's duties aboard an aircraft being operated. (b) During any act of unlawful interference, the PIC must— (1) Notify the appropriate Air Traffic Service of the interference, any significant circumstances, and any deviation from the current flight plan necessitated by the circumstances and (2) Land as soon as practicable at the nearest suitable aerodrome or at an aerodrome assigned by air traffic control (ATC). (c) The requirements of paragraph (b)(1) and (2) do not apply when the PIC determines compliance would adversely affect the safety of the flight. (d) Following any act of unlawful interference, the PIC must submit a report of such an act to the President within 24 hours. § 91.17 Careless or Reckless Operation. (a) Aircraft operations for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another. (b) Aircraft operations other than for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an aircraft, other than for the purpose of air navigation, on any part of the surface of an aerodrome used by aircraft (including areas used by those aircraft for receiving or discharging persons or cargo), in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another. § 91.19 Dropping Objects. No PIC of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property. However, this section does not prohibit the dropping of any object if GACAR Part 91 Page 13 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property. § 91.21 Psychoactive Substances. (a) No person may act or attempt to act as a crew member of a civil aircraft while under the influence of any psychoactive substance, by reason of which human performance is impaired. No such person will engage in any kind of problematic use of psychoactive substances. (b) Except in an emergency, no pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a person who appears to be or who demonstrates by manner or physical indications that the individual is under the influence of psychoactive substances (except a medical patient under proper care) to be carried in that aircraft. (c) A crew member must do the following: (1) On request of a law enforcement officer, submit to a test to indicate the presence of any psychoactive substances in the body, when— (i) The law enforcement officer is authorized to conduct the test or to have the test conducted. (ii) The law enforcement officer is requesting submission to the test to investigate a suspected violation of the law governing the same or substantially similar conduct prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section. (2) Whenever the President has a reasonable basis to believe that a person may have violated paragraph (a) of this section, on request of the President, that person must furnish to the President the results, or authorize any clinic, hospital, or doctor, or other person to release to the President, the results of each test taken within 4 hours after acting or attempting to act as a crew member that indicate the presence of any psychoactive substances in the body. (d) Any test information obtained by the President under paragraph (c) of this section may be evaluated in determining a person's qualifications for any airman certificate or possible violations, and may be used as evidence in any legal proceeding under the Civil Aviation Law. § 91.23 Carriage, Selling and Offering of Psychoactive Substances. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may operate a civil aircraft within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with knowledge that psychoactive substances or other banned substances are carried in the aircraft. GACAR Part 91 Page 14 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to any carriage of psychoactive substances authorized by the President or any Government agency. (c) No owner or operator of an aircraft registered in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia may offer or sell psychoactive substances aboard the aircraft. (d) The air operator and PIC must notify passengers entering the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that possession of psychoactive substances is illegal unless authorized by a Government agency. § 91.25 Portable Electronic Devices. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may operate, nor may any operator or PIC of an aircraft allow the operation of, any portable electronic device on any of the following Saudi Arabian registered civil aircraft: (1) Aircraft operated by a holder of an air operator certificate (AOC) or an operator certificate (OC) issued in accordance with GACAR Part 119 or (2) Any other aircraft while it is operated under instrument flight rules (IFR). (b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to— (1) Portable voice recorders, (2) Hearing aids, (3) Heart pacemakers, (4) Electric shavers, or (5) Any other portable electronic device that the operator of the aircraft has determined will not cause interference with the navigation or communication system of the aircraft on which it is to be used. (c) In the case of an aircraft operated by a holder of an AOC or an OC, the determination required by paragraph (b)(5) of this section must be made by the operator of that aircraft on which the particular device is to be used. In the case of other aircraft, the determination may be made by the PIC or operator of the aircraft. § 91.27 Transport of Dangerous Goods. GACAR Part 91 Page 15 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (a) The transport of dangerous goods by air must be conducted in accordance with the Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Technical Instructions)(as amended) which is published by decision of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (ICAO Doc. 9284). (b) Dangerous goods must only be transported in accordance with an authorization issued under GACAR Part 109, except when they are— (1) Not subject to the ICAO Technical Instructions in accordance with Part 1 of those instructions, (2) Required on board the aircraft in accordance with airworthiness and operational requirements, (3) Required on board the aircraft for specialized purposes, or (4) Carried by passengers or crew members in accordance with Part 8 of the ICAO Technical Instructions. (c) All reasonable measures must be taken to prevent dangerous goods from being carried on board inadvertently. § 91.29 Marshaling Signals. (a) Upon observing any of the signals given in Appendix F to this part by a signalman, a person operating an aircraft must respond appropriately to the signal as provided for in that appendix. (b) No person will use a signalman to guide an aircraft unless he is trained, qualified, and authorized to act as a signalman. (c) A signalman must— (1) Provide marshaling signals to aircraft as provided for in Appendix F to this part. (2) Ensure the area within which an aircraft is to be guided is clear of objects which the aircraft might strike. (3) Wear a distinctive fluorescent identification vest to allow the person operating the aircraft to identify that signalman is the person responsible for marshaling that aircraft. GACAR Part 91 Page 16 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المحلي General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (4) For all signaling— (i) During daylight hours, use daylight fluorescent wands, or other signal equipment or hands, as appropriate and (ii) At night or in low visibility, use illuminated wands. § 91.33 Aircraft Taxi on Aerodrome Movement Areas. No person may taxi an aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome unless the person at the aircraft's controls holds an appropriate current and valid pilot certificate or— (a) Has been authorized by the owner, the lessee, or a designated agent, as applicable; (b) Is trained, qualified, and authorized to taxi the aircraft; (c) Is trained, qualified, and authorized to use the aircraft radio if radio communications are required; and (d) Has received instruction on the aerodrome's layout, and appropriate information on— (1) Routes, signs, markings, lights, ATC signals and (2) Taxiing instructions, phraseology, and procedures. § 91.35 Rotor Engagement. (a) No person may turn a rotor under power, for the purpose of flight, unless the person at the rotorcraft's controls holds an appropriate current and valid pilot certificate. (b) An operator must provide appropriate specific training and procedures to be followed for any person other than an appropriately certificated pilot who turns a rotor under power for purposes other than flight. § 91.37 Use of Electronic Flight Bags. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may use, nor may any operator or PIC of an aircraft allow the use of, any electronic flight bag (EFB) for the safe operation of any of the following Saudi Arabian registered civil aircraft: GACAR Part 91 Page 17 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA المنيه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (1) Aircraft operated by a holder of an air operator certificate (AOC) or an operator certificate (OC) issued in accordance with GACAR Part 119; or (2) Any other aircraft while it is operated under GACAR Part 133. (b) An EFB may be used on board an aircraft if authorized by the President in the certificate holder's operations specifications issued under GACAR Part 119 or GACAR Part 133. The President may authorize the use of an EFB if: (1) The EFB does not adversely affect the performance of the aircraft's systems, equipment or the ability to operate the aircraft safely; (2) The EFB and its associated installation hardware and software, including interaction with the aircraft systems if applicable, meet the appropriate airworthiness requirements under Chapter C; (3) The operator has established for redundancy of information contained in, and displayed by, the EFB function(s) in the event of an EFB failure; (4) The operator has established and documented procedures for the management of the EFB function(s) including any database it may use; and (5) The operator has established and documented procedures for the use of, and training requirements for, the EFB and the EFB function(s). GACAR Part 91 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES SUBPART B – FLIGHT RULES << GENERAL >> § 91.41 Applicability. This subpart prescribes flight rules pertaining to the operation of aircraft within the sovereign area and territorial waters of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. § 91.43 Preflight Action. (a) Before beginning a flight, each PIC must become familiar with all available information concerning that flight, and ensure dissemination of information to appropriate flight crew members. This information must include— (1) The AFM for that aircraft, if one is required, and with placards, listings, instrument markings, or any combination thereof, containing each operating limitation prescribed for that aircraft; (2) The emergency equipment installed on the aircraft and the procedures to be followed for the use of that equipment in an emergency situation; (3) For a flight operated under IFR or a flight not in the vicinity of an aerodrome, weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed, and any known traffic delays of which the PIC has been advised by ATC; (4) Runway lengths at aerodromes of intended use, and the following takeoff and landing distance information: (i) The takeoff and landing distance data in an approved AFM, if required for the aircraft and (ii) Other information appropriate to the aircraft, relating to aircraft performance under expected values of aerodrome elevation and runway slope, aircraft gross mass, and wind and temperature. (5) Any necessary overflight and/or landing approval for KSA airspace and, if an approval is required, the PIC must carry a copy of the approval aboard the aircraft and submit the registration number on the approval with the flight plan information; and (6) The laws, regulations and procedures, pertinent to the performance of his duties, prescribed GACAR Part 91 Page 19 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES for the areas to be traversed, the aerodromes to be used and the related air navigation facilities. (b) A flight must not commence until the PIC is satisfied that— (1) The aircraft is airworthy, registered under GACAR Part 45, and that the appropriate certificates are aboard the aircraft; (2) The instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft are appropriate, taking into account the expected flight conditions and kinds of operation; (3) Any necessary maintenance has been performed in accordance with the GACAR; (4) The mass of the aircraft and center of gravity location are such that the flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight conditions expected; (5) Any load carried is properly distributed and safely secured; (6) The aircraft operating limitations, contained in the AFM, or its equivalent, will not be exceeded; and (7) The aircraft has adequate oil to complete the flight safely. § 91.45 Passenger Briefing. (a) Before each takeoff the PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers must ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed on— (1) Smoking. Each passenger must be briefed on when, where, and under what conditions smoking is prohibited; (2) Use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. Each passenger must be briefed on when, where, and under what conditions it is necessary to have his safety belt and, if installed, his shoulder harness fastened about himself; (3) The placement of seat backs in an upright and locked position for takeoff and landing; (4) Location of fire extinguishers; (5) Location and means for opening the passenger entry door and emergency exits; GACAR Part 91 Page 20 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (6) Location of survival equipment; (7) Ditching procedures and the use of flotation equipment for a flight over water; and (8) The normal and emergency use of oxygen equipment installed on the aircraft. (b) The oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section must be given by the PIC or a crew member, but is not required when the PIC determines that the passengers are familiar with the contents of the briefing. Unless the person giving the briefing has established that the use of a single language for the briefing will be understood by all passengers, the oral briefing must be made in both the Arabic and English languages. It may be supplemented by printed cards for the use of each passenger containing— (1) A diagram of, and methods of operating, the emergency exits and (2) Other instructions necessary for use of emergency equipment. (c) Each card used under paragraph (b) must be carried on the aircraft and be easily accessible for the use of each passenger, and must contain information pertinent only to the type and model aircraft on which it is used. (d) In an emergency, the PIC must ensure that passengers are instructed on emergency actions which may be appropriate to the circumstances. § 91.47 Flight Crew Members at Stations. (a) During takeoff and landing, each required flight crew member must occupy his assigned duty station and keep his safety belt and shoulder harness fastened. The shoulder harness is not required to be worn if— (1) The seat at the flight crew member's station is not equipped with a shoulder harness or (2) A flight crew member occupying a duty station other than a pilot's seat would be unable to perform required duties with the shoulder harness fastened. (b) While en route, each required flight crew member must— (1) Be at his assigned crew member station unless his absence is necessary to perform duties in connection with the operation of the aircraft or in connection with physiological needs and GACAR Part 91 Page 21 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA المجله العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (2) Keep his safety belt fastened while at the crew member station. § 91.49 Use of Safety Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint Systems. (a) Unless otherwise authorized by the President, each person on board an aircraft (except a manned balloon that incorporates a basket or gondola) must occupy an approved seat or berth with a safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness, properly secured about himself during movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing and at any other time when directed by the PIC. (b) For seaplane and float equipped rotorcraft operations during movement on the surface, the person pushing off the seaplane or rotorcraft from the dock and the person mooring the seaplane or rotorcraft at the dock are excepted from the preceding seating and safety belt requirements. (c) Notwithstanding the preceding requirements of this section, a person may— (1) Be held by an adult who is occupying an approved seat or berth, provided the person being held has not reached his second birthday and does not occupy or use any restraining device; (2) Use the floor of the aircraft as a seat, provided the person is on board for the purpose of engaging in parachuting; or (3) Occupy a child restraint system (CRS) meeting the requirements prescribed in Section IV of Appendix C to this part provided that the child is accompanied by a parent, guardian, or attendant designated by the child's parent or guardian to attend to the safety of the child during the flight. § 91.51 Carry On Baggage. No PIC may permit a passenger to stow baggage aboard an aircraft except— (a) In a suitable baggage or cargo storage compartment, or as provided in GACAR § 91.53. (b) Under a passenger seat in such a way that baggage will not slide forward under crash impacts severe enough to induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in GACAR § 25.561(b)(3), or the requirements of the regulations under which the aircraft was type certificated. Restraining devices must also limit sideward motion of under seat baggage and be designed to withstand crash impacts severe enough to induce sideward forces specified in GACAR § 25.561(b)(3) or the requirements of the regulations under which the aircraft was type certificated. GACAR Part 91 Page 22 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA المنيه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES § 91.53 Carriage of Cargo. (a) No person may permit cargo, including carry on baggage, to be carried in an aircraft unless— (1) It is carried in an approved cargo rack, bin, or compartment installed in the aircraft; (2) It is secured by means approved by the President; or (3) It is carried in accordance with each of the following: (i) For cargo, it is properly secured by a safety belt or other tie down having enough strength to eliminate the possibility of shifting under all normally anticipated flight and ground conditions or for carry on baggage, it is restrained to prevent its movement during air turbulence. (ii) It is packaged or covered to avoid possible injury to passengers. (iii) It does not impose any load on seats or on the floor structure that exceeds the load limitation for those components. (iv) It is not located in a position that restricts the access to or use of any required emergency or regular exit, or the use of the aisle between the crew and the passenger compartment or is located in a position that obscures any passenger's view of the “seat belt” sign, “no smoking” sign or placard, or any required exit sign, unless an auxiliary sign or other approved means for proper notification of the passengers is provided. (v) It is not carried directly above seated passengers. (4) It is stowed in compliance with this section for takeoff and landing. (b) When cargo is carried in cargo compartments designed to require the physical entry of a crew member to extinguish any fire that may occur during flight, the cargo must be loaded to allow a crew member to effectively reach all parts of the compartment with the contents of a hand fire extinguisher. § 91.55 Stowage of Food, Beverage, and Passenger Service Equipment During Aircraft Movement on the Surface, Takeoff, and Landing. (a) No person may take off, or land when any food, beverage, or tableware furnished by the operator is located at any passenger seat. GACAR Part 91 Page 23 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (b) No person may move an aircraft on the surface, take off, or land unless each food and beverage tray and seat back tray table is secured in its stowed position. (c) No person may permit an aircraft to move on the surface, take off, or land unless each passenger serving cart is secured in its stowed position. (d) No person may permit an aircraft to move on the surface, take off, or land unless each movie screen that extends into an aisle is stowed. (e) Each passenger must comply with instructions given by a crew member with regard to compliance with this section. § 91.57 Flight Instruction: Simulated Instrument Flight and Certain Flight Tests. (a) No person may operate an aircraft (except a manned free balloon) that is being used for flight instruction unless the aircraft has fully functioning dual controls. However, instrument flight instruction may be given in an airplane that is equipped with a single, functioning throw over control wheel that controls of the elevator and ailerons, in place of fixed dual controls, when— (1) The instructor has determined the flight can be conducted safely; and (2) The person manipulating the controls has at least a private pilot certificate with applicable category and class ratings. (b) An airplane equipped with a single, functioning throw-over control wheel that controls the elevator and ailerons, in place of fixed, dual controls may be used for flight instruction to conduct a flight review required by GACAR § 61.21, or to obtain recent flight experience or an instrument proficiency check required by GACAR § 61.17 when— (1) The airplane is equipped with operable rudder pedals at both pilot stations; (2) The pilot manipulating the controls is qualified to serve and serves as pilot in command during the entire flight; (3) The instructor is current and qualified to serve as PIC of the airplane, meets the requirements of GACAR § 61.199(b), and has logged at least 25 hours of PIC flight time in the make and model of airplane; and (4) The PIC and the instructor have determined the flight can be conducted safely. GACAR Part 91 Page 24 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (c) No person may operate a civil aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless— (1) The other control seat is occupied by a safety pilot who possesses at least a private pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft being flown. (2) The safety pilot has adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft, or a competent observer in the aircraft adequately supplements the vision of the safety pilot; and (3) Except in the case of lighter-than-air aircraft, that aircraft is equipped with fully functioning dual controls. However, simulated instrument flight may be conducted in a single-engine airplane, equipped with a single, functioning, throw over control wheel, in place of fixed, dual controls of the elevator and ailerons, when: (i) The safety pilot has determined that the flight can be conducted safely; and (ii) The person manipulating the controls has at least a private pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings. (d) No person may operate an aircraft being used for a flight test for an airline transport pilot certificate or a class or type rating on that certificate, or for a GACAR Part 121 proficiency flight test, unless the pilot seated at the controls, other than the pilot being checked, is fully qualified to act as PIC of the aircraft. § 91.59 Operating Near Other Aircraft. (a) No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard. (b) No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the PIC of each aircraft in the formation and, for formation flight in controlled airspace, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the appropriate Air Traffic Service authorities and the following: (1) The formation must operate as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting; (2) The flight leader and the PIC of the other aircraft in the flight are responsible for separation between aircraft in the flight including periods of transition when aircraft are maneuvering to attain their own separation within the formation and during join up and breakaway; and (3) Each aircraft must maintain a distance not exceeding 0.5 NM (1 km) laterally and GACAR Part 91 Page 25 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA المجله المطبيعيه General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES longitudinally and 100 ft (30 m) vertically from the flight leader. (c) No person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers for hire in formation flight. § 91.61 Right-of-Way Rules: Except Water Operations. (a) Inapplicability. This section does not apply to the operation of an aircraft on water. (b) General. When weather conditions permit, regardless of whether an operation is conducted under IFR or visual flight rules (VFR), vigilance must be maintained by each person operating an aircraft so as to see and avoid other aircraft. When a rule of this section gives another aircraft the right of way, the PIC must give way to that aircraft and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear, and take into account the effect of wake turbulence. (c) In distress. An aircraft in distress has the right of way over all other air traffic. (d) Converging. When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude (except head-on, or nearly so), the aircraft to the other's right has the right-of-way. If the aircraft are of different categories— (1) A balloon has the right-of-way over any other category of aircraft; (2) A glider has the right-of-way over an airship, powered parachute, weight shift control aircraft, airplane, powered-lift, or rotorcraft. (3) An airship has the right-of-way over a powered parachute, weight shift control aircraft, airplane, powered-lift, or rotorcraft. (4) An aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right-of-way over all other engine-driven aircraft. However, an aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right of way over all other engine driven aircraft. (e) Approaching head-on. When aircraft are approaching each other head on, or nearly so, each PIC of each aircraft must alter course to the right. (f) Overtaking. Each aircraft being overtaken has the right of way and each PIC of an overtaking aircraft must alter course to the right to pass well clear. GACAR Part 91 Page 26 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA الهييه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (g) Landing. Aircraft, while on final approach to land or while landing, have the right of way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface, except they must not take advantage of this rule to force off the runway surface, an aircraft which has already landed and is attempting to make way for an aircraft on final approach. When two or more aircraft are approaching an aerodrome to land, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right of way, but it must not take advantage of this rule to cut in front of another which is on final approach to land or to overtake that aircraft. (h) Taking off. Aircraft taking off or about to take off have the right of way over other aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome. (i) Surface movement of aircraft. In case of danger of collision between two aircraft taxiing on the movement area of an aerodrome the following apply: (1) When two aircraft are approaching head on or approximately so, each must stop or where practicable alter its course to the right to keep well clear. (2) When two aircraft are on a converging course, the aircraft to the other's right has the right of way. (3) An aircraft which is being overtaken by another aircraft has the right of way and the overtaking aircraft must keep well clear of the other aircraft. (4) An aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area must stop and hold at all runway holding positions unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower. (5) An aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area must stop and hold at all lighted stop bars and may only proceed further when the lights are switched off. (j) Heading and speed. The aircraft that has the right of way must maintain its heading and speed. § 91.63 Right of Way Rules: Water Operations. (a) General. Each person operating an aircraft on the water must, to the greatest extent possible, keep clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation, and must give way to any vessel or other aircraft that is given the right of way by any rule of this section. (b) Crossing. When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are on crossing courses, the aircraft or vessel to the other's right has the right of way. GACAR Part 91 Page 27 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA المجله المطبيعيه General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (c) Approaching head on. When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are approaching head on, or nearly so, each must alter its course to the right to keep well clear. (d) Overtaking. Each aircraft or vessel being overtaken has the right of way, and the one overtaking must alter course to keep well clear. (e) Special circumstances. When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, approach with the risk of collision, each aircraft or vessel must proceed with careful regard to existing circumstances, including the limitations of the respective craft. (f) Landing and taking off. Aircraft landing on or taking off from the water must, to the greatest extent practicable, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. (g) Heading and speed. The aircraft that has the right of way must maintain its heading and speed. § 91.65 Aircraft Speed. (a) Unless otherwise authorized by the President, no person may operate an aircraft below 10 000 ft (3 050 m) mean sea level (MSL) at an indicated airspeed of more than 250 kt (463 km/h). (b) Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft at or below 2500 ft (750 m) above ground level (AGL) within 4 NM of the primary aerodrome of a Class C or Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 kt (370 km/h). This paragraph does not apply to any operations within a Class B airspace area. These operations must comply with paragraph (a) of this section. (c) No person may operate an aircraft in the airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an aerodrome at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 kt (370 km/h). (d) No person may operate a turbine engine aircraft in the traffic circuit of an aerodrome at an airspeed greater than 200 kt (370 km/h), or 156 kt (290 km/h) for a reciprocating engine aircraft. (e) If the minimum safe airspeed for any particular operation is greater than the maximum speed prescribed in this section, the aircraft may be operated at that minimum speed. § 91.67 Minimum Safe Altitudes: General. Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft below the following altitudes: GACAR Part 91 Page 28 UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT WHEN DOWNLOADED Consult the GACA website for current version VERSION 26.0 28 June 2026 GACA المينه العامه للطيران المدني General Authority of Civil Aviation [Non-Text] GACAR PART 91 – GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES (a) Anywhere. An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface. (b) Over congested areas. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1 000 ft (300 m) above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2 000 ft (600 m) of the aircraft. (c) Over other than congested areas. An altitude of 500 ft (150 m) above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 ft (150 m) to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. (d) Powered parachutes and weight shift control aircraft. If the operation is conducted without hazard to persons or property on the surface, a powered parachute or weight shift control aircraft may be operated at less than the minimums prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section. (e) Rotorcraft. Rotorcraft may be operated at less than the minimums prescribed in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section if the operation is conducted without hazard to persons or property on the surface. In addition, each person operating a rotorcraft must comply with any routes or altitudes specifically prescribed for rotorcraft by the President. § 91.69 Minimum Altitudes for Use of Autopilot in Airplanes. (a) Definitions. For purpose of this section— (1) Altitudes for takeoff/initial climb and go-around/missed approach are defined as above the aerodrome elevation. (2) Altitudes for enroute operations are defined as above terrain elevation. (3) Altitudes for approach are defined as above the touchdown zone elevation (TDZE), unless the altitude is specifically in reference to DA(H) or MDA, in which case the altitude is defined by reference to the DA(H) or MDA itself. (b) Takeoff and initial climb. No person may use an autopilot for takeoff o …(479,944 more chars)