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Review Article
Saudi Oncology Society and Saudi Urology Association combined clinical management guidelines for urothelial cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder 2017
Hulayel Alharbi, Sultan Alkhateeb \( ^{1} \) , Esam Murshid \( ^{2} \) , Mohammed Alotaibi \( ^{3} \) , Ashraf Abusamra \( ^{4} \) , Danny Rabah \( ^{5} \) , Mubarak Almansour \( ^{6} \) , Abdullah Alghamdi \( ^{7} \) , Ali Aljubran \( ^{8} \) , Amin Eltigani \( ^{9} \) , Hussein Alkushi \( ^{10} \) , Imran Ahmed \( ^{11} \) ,
Abdullah Alsharm \( ^{12} \) , Shouki Bazarbashi \( ^{8} \)
Department of Medical Oncology, King Fahed Specialist Hospital, Dammam, \( ^{1} \) Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, \( ^{5} \) Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Uro-Oncology Research Chair, King Saud University, \( ^{2} \) Department of Oncology, Oncology Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, \( ^{7} \) Department of Urology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, \( ^{8} \) Oncology Center, Section of Medical Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, \( ^{9} \) Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, King Abdulaziz Medical City and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, \( ^{12} \) Department of Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, \( ^{3} \) Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, \( ^{4} \) Department of Surgery, Urology Section, King Khalid Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, \( ^{6} \) Department of Oncology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, \( ^{10} \) Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz Medical City and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, \( ^{11} \) Department of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Keywords: Carcinoma, Guidelines, management, Saudi Oncology Society, Saudi Urological Association, urothelial
Address for correspondence: Dr. Shouki Bazarbashi, Section of Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
E-mail: bazarbashi@gmail.com
Received: 18.11.2017, Accepted: 18.12.2017
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DOI:
10.4103/UA.UA_176_17
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How to cite this article: Alharbi H, Alkhateeb S, Murshid E, Alotaibi M, Abusamra A, Rabah D, et al. Saudi Oncology Society and Saudi Urology Association combined clinical management guidelines for urothelial cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder 2017. Urol Ann 2018;10:133-7.
© 2018 Urology Annals | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Alharbi, et al.: SOS and SUA guidelines for urothelial carcinoma
INTRODUCTION
According to the cancer incidence report in Saudi Arabia for the year 2013, there were 280 new cases of urinary bladder cancer, accounting for 4.3% and 0.8% of all newly diagnosed cases of cancer in men and women, respectively. Urinary bladder cancer is ranked the \( 8^{th} \) most common cancer in males and the \( 20^{th} \) most common in females. Of the 280 cases, 227 affected males (81%) and 53 affected females (19%). The overall age-standardized incidence rate was 3.8/100,000, in males and 1/100,000 in females. The median age at diagnosis was 63 years among males and 64 years among females. \( ^{[1]} \)
STAGING
The American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor, nodes, metastases staging definitions for bladder cancer should be used \( ^{[2]} \) [Tables 1 and 2].
TUMOR GRADING
The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System \( ^{[3]} \) will be used as follows: \( ^{[4]} \)
1. Noninvasive urothelial lesions
i. Urothelial carcinoma in situ
ii. Papillary urothelial carcinoma, low grade
iii. Papillary urothelial carcinoma, high grade
iv. Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential.
2. Urothelial papilloma
3. Inverted urothelial papilloma
4. Urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential (hyperplasia)
5. Urothelial dysplasia
6. Invasive urothelial tumor.
PATHOLOGY REPORTING
Surgical pathology reporting must include the following:
1. The histological tumor type
2. The presence or absence of lamina propria and muscularis propria
3. The depth of invasion (i.e., pathological T stage) referred to in Section 1
4. The presence or absence of carcinoma in situ (CIS)
5. The grade of tumor as referred to in Section 2
6. Any urothelial carcinoma variant. \( ^{[5]} \)
EVALUATION OF THE BLADDER TUMOR
The initial evaluation should include history and physical examination, complete blood count, renal function, urine cytology, and bladder ultrasonography. Initial diagnostic cystoscopy should be done with transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT) to achieve complete resection if possible. \( ^{[6]} \) Imaging of the upper tract should be done by ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urogram. If the cystoscopy findings confirm the invasive disease, do CT or MRI of abdomen and pelvis, as well as chest imaging. \( ^{[7,8]} \)
Table 1: Tumor, node, and metastasis staging for urothelial bladder carcinoma
<table><tr><td>Primary tumor (T)</td><td>Regional lymph nodes (N)*</td><td>Distant metastasis (M)</td></tr><tr><td>TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed</td><td>NX: Regional lymph node (s) cannot be assessed</td><td>M0: No distant metastasis</td></tr><tr><td>T0: No evidence of primary tumor</td><td>N0: No regional lymph node metastasis</td><td>M1: Distant metastasis or positive peritoneal cytology cytology</td></tr><tr><td>Ta: Noninvasive papillary carcinoma</td><td>N1: Single regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis**</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>\( T_{IS} \): Carcinoma in situ: “Flat tumor”</td><td>N2: Multiple regional lymph node metastases in the true pelvis**</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue</td><td>N3: Lymph node metastasis to the common iliac lymph node</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pT2a: Tumor invades superficial muscularis propria (inner half)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pT2b: Tumor invades deep muscularis propria (outer half)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T3: Tumor invades perivesical tissue</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pT3a: Microscopically</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pT3b: Macroscopically (extravesical mass)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4a: Tumor invades any of the following: prostatic stroma, seminal vesicles, uterus, vagina, pelvic wall, abdominal wall</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4a: Tumor invades prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4b: Tumor invades pelvic wall, abdominal wall</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
* Lymph nodes: Regional lymph nodes include both primary and secondary drainage regions. All other nodes above the aortic bifurcation are consider distant lymph nodes, ** Lymph nodes of the true pelvis: hypogastric, obturator, external iliac, or presacral
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Alharbi, et al.: SOS and SUA guidelines for urothelial carcinoma
MANAGEMENT OF NONMUSCLE INVASIVE UROTHELIAL BLADDER CARCINOMA
1. If the findings of the diagnostic cystoscopy are suggestive of a noninvasive bladder tumor
i. Conduct TURBT to achieve complete resection, if possible
ii. Repeat TURBT within 2–4 weeks, indicated if the resection was incomplete, the disease is high-grade Ta or T1, or if no muscle examination was performed
iii. Administer a single postoperative instillation of intravesical chemotherapy (e.g., mitomycin C or epirubicin/doxorubicin) within 24 h of TURBT, unless perforation is suspected \( ^{[9-11]} \)
iv. Provide further treatment according to risk stratification.
2. Risk stratification for nonmuscle invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma
i. Risk depends on the following factors: T stage, the presence of CIS, grade, recurrence rate, number of tumors, and tumor size \( ^{[12]} \) [Table 3] \( ^{[13]} \)
ii. Low-risk, nonmuscle, invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) (solitary small volume, low-grade Ta)
iii. Intermediate risk NMIBC (multifocal and/or large
Table 2: Urothelial bladder carcinoma anatomical stages and prognostic groups
<table><tr><td>Stage grouping</td><td>T stage</td><td>N stage</td><td>M stage</td></tr><tr><td>Stage 0a</td><td>Ta</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td>Stage 0is</td><td>Tis</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td>Stage I</td><td>T1</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Stage II</td><td>T2a</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td>T2b</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Stage III</td><td>T3a</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td>T3b</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Stage IV</td><td>T4a</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td>T4b</td><td>N0</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td>Any T</td><td>N1–N3</td><td>M0</td></tr><tr><td>Any T</td><td>Any N</td><td>M1</td></tr></table>
Table 3: Risk stratification for nonmuscle invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma
<table><tr><td>Low risk</td><td>Intermediate risk</td><td>High risk</td></tr><tr><td>LG solitary</td><td>Recurrence within</td><td>HG T1</td></tr><tr><td>Ta ≤3 cm</td><td>1 year, LG Ta</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">PUNLMP</td><td>Solitary LG Ta >3 cm</td><td>Any recurrent, HG Ta</td></tr><tr><td>LG Ta, multifocal</td><td>HG Ta, >3 cm (or multifocal)</td></tr><tr><td>HG Ta, ≤3 cm</td><td>Any CIS</td></tr><tr><td>LG T1</td><td>Any BCG failure in HG patient</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Any variant histology</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Any LVI</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Any HG prostatic urethral involvement</td></tr></table>
LG: Low-grade, PUNLMP: Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, HG: High-grade, CIS: Carcinoma in situ, LVI: Lymphovascular invasion, BCG: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin
volume low-grade Ta, recurrence at 3 months)
iv. High-risk NMIBC (high-grade Ta, all T1, CIS).
3. Management of low-risk NMIBC– Surveillance cystoscopy (3–6 months) intervals [Table 4]
4. Management of intermediate risk NMIBC:
i. Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) or mitomycin induction (weekly for 6 weeks) \( ^{[14]} \)
ii. Surveillance cystoscopy and cytology
iii. Upper tract imaging every 2 years or as indicated.
5. Management of high-risk nonmuscle, invasive bladder cancer, including carcinoma in situ
i. Intravesical BCG or mitomycin induction (weekly for 6 weeks) and maintenance therapy (3 weekly injections) at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months from induction \( ^{[15,16]} \)
ii. Close surveillance cystoscopy, cytology, and upper tract imaging
iii. Consider early cystectomy in selected patients.
6. Recurrence of nonmuscle invasive disease
i. TURBT
ii. Adjuvant intravesical therapy if not given before or as a second induction \( ^{[17]} \)
iii. If two inductions of adjuvant intravesical therapy were given before, then consider changing the intravesical therapy
iv. Consider early cystectomy in recurrent CIS, T1, and high-grade disease with prior treatment with no >2 inductions of intravesical therapy. \( ^{[18,19]} \)
7. Positive urine cytology without gross evidence of disease
i. Multiple biopsies of the bladder and prostatic urethra \( ^{[20-22]} \)
ii. Selective cytology of the upper tract
iii. Upper tract imaging (CT, MRI, or retrograde pyelogram)
iv. Ureteroscopy if suspicion of upper tract tumor.
MANAGEMENT OF MUSCLE-INVASIVE UROTHELIAL BLADDER CARCINOMA
Staging should include complete blood count; renal function; serum electrolytes; liver function test, including alkaline phosphatase; imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (CT or MRI); and a bone scan if elevated alkaline phosphatase or symptoms of bone pain are present. \( ^{[23]} \)
1. Clinical T2–T4a disease with negative lymph nodes
i. Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy: \( ^{[24-26]} \)
• Considered in clinical T2
• Strongly recommended in clinical T3.
ii. Radical cystectomy with extended
Urology Annals | Volume 10 | Issue 2 | April-June 2018
Alharbi, et al.: SOS and SUA guidelines for urothelial carcinoma
Table 4: Suggested follow-up schedule for nonmuscle invasive disease
<table><tr><td></td><td>3 months</td><td>6 months</td><td>9 months</td><td>12 months</td></tr><tr><td>Years 1 and 2</td><td>CystoscopyUrine cytology</td><td>CystoscopyUrine cytology</td><td>CystoscopyUrine cytology</td><td>CystoscopyUrine cytologyUpper tract imaging</td></tr><tr><td>Years 3, 4, and 5</td><td>CystoscopyUrine cytology</td><td></td><td>CystoscopyUrine cytologyAnnual upper tract imaging</td><td></td></tr></table>
Consider prolonging the intervals and omitting upper tract imaging after the first year for low-risk disease
lymphadenectomy (open, laparoscopic, or robotic) is considered the standard treatment \( ^{[27]} \)
iii. Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy should be performed and include, at a minimum, the common, internal and external iliac, and obturator nodes
iv. Bladder preservation with trimodality combination of complete resection of the bladder tumor TURBT, followed by concurrent chemoradiation with early radical cystectomy in failure, are alternatives to upfront radical cystectomy \( ^{[27-32]} \) in selected patients with solitary disease, no CIS, no hydronephrosis, normal renal function, and adequate bladder capacity \( ^{[33]} \)
v. In patients undergoing bladder preservation, early evaluation by cystoscopy with or without biopsy is recommended after 40–45 Gy for the whole bladder and regional nodes. If there is residual/recurrent tumor, then consider cystectomy. If there is complete response, then complete radiotherapy to 60–65 Gy total dose in conventional fractionation; altered fractionation regimens, such as 50–52.5 Gy in 20 fractions, may also be considered \( ^{[34]} \)
vi. For patients who are not candidates for radical treatment, consider TURBT and/or palliative radiotherapy
vii. If no neoadjuvant chemotherapy is given, consider adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy following pathological criteria (pT3–4, positive nodes). \( ^{[35]} \)
2. Clinical T4b or positive locoregional lymph node disease
i. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy or chemoradiation
ii. Reevaluate the response during the treatment with imaging and/or TURBT
iii. If chemoradiation was used:
- Observation for patients who achieved complete response.
• If partial response, consider cystectomy.
iv. If cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy was used:
- In responding patients, consider cystectomy or chemoradiation
- In nonresponding patients, consider chemoradiation.
3. Metastatic disease
i. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment
ii. Patients with normal renal function and fit for chemotherapy (performance status [PS] 0–2) are treated with combination cisplatin and gemcitabine for a maximum of six cycles \( ^{[36]} \)
iii. Patients with decreased renal function and/or unfit (PS 3) are treated with combination of carboplatin and gemcitabine \( ^{[37]} \) or single-agent gemcitabine, carboplatin, or atezolizumab \( ^{[38]} \)
iv. There is no standard, second-line therapy; patients who relapse or progress on the first-line may be given atezolizumab, \( ^{[38]} \) vinflunine, or taxanes as second-line chemotherapy
v. Patients who present with local recurrence may benefit from palliative radiation therapy.
Financial support and sponsorship
Funding was provided by the Saudi Oncology Society for this work.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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