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GACA
العامه للطبيء والن المحترف
General Authority of Civil Aviation
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 135 - Operations: Commercial Air Operators Operating Other Than Transport Category Aircraft or Commuter Category Airplanes
SUBPART A – GENERAL
§ 135.1 Applicability. 7
§ 135.3 Rules Applicable to Operations Outside of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 7
§ 135.5 Carriage of Psychoactive Substances. 7
§ 135.7 Documents To Be Carried on Board. 7
§ 135.9 Flight Logbook Requirements. 8
§ 135.11 Surrender of International Crew Member Certificate. 8
§ 135.13 Applicability of Rules to Operators With an Authorized Area of……8
Operations Restricted to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Only.
§ 135.15 Single-Engine Aircraft Restrictions. 8
SUBPART B – MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
§ 135.35 Management Personnel Required. 10
§ 135.37 Management Personnel: Qualifications. 11
SUBPART C – ROUTES AND AREAS
§ 135.57 Aerodrome Requirements. 14
§ 135.59 En Route Navigation Facilities. 14
§ 135.61 Route Limitations for Single Engine Airplanes. 14
§ 135.63 Maximum Flying Time From an Adequate Aerodrome. 15
SUBPART D – MANUAL REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.81 Applicability. 16
§ 135.83 Preparation. 16
§ 135.85 Manual Contents. 16
§ 135.87 Distribution and Availability. 17
SUBPART E – AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.107 Applicability. 18
§ 135.109 Aircraft Requirements: General. 18
§ 135.111 Aircraft Certification Requirements and Prohibitions. 18
§ 135.113 Aircraft Proving and Validation Tests. 19
§ 135.115 Single-Engine Airplanes Operated in IMC or at Night: Airplane……20 Requirements.
SUBPART F – AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS
§ 135.133 Applicability. 21
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
§ 135.135 General. 21
§ 135.137 Airplane: Takeoff Limitations. 22
§ 135.139 Airplane: Landing Limitations: Destination Aerodromes. 23
§ 135.141 Airplane: Landing Limitations: Alternate Aerodromes. 24
§ 135.143 Performance Requirements: Land Aircraft Operated Over Water. … 24
§ 135.145 Performance Requirements: Aircraft Operated Over the Top or in IFR…25 Conditions.
SUBPART G - ROTORCRAFT PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS
§ 135.161 Applicability. 26
§ 135.163 Performance Class: General. 26
§ 135.165 Performance: General 27
§ 135.167 Operating Limitations. 28
§ 135.169 Obstacle Accountability Area. 28
§ 135.171 Operations in Performance Class 1. 30
§ 135.173 Operations in Performance Class 2. 31
§ 135.175 Operations in Performance Class 3. 32
SUBPART H - ADDITIONAL AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.185 Applicability. 34
§ 135.187 Bilingual Safety Information. 34
SUBPART I – INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.201 Applicability. 35
§ 135.203 General Requirements. 35
§ 135.205 Emergency Equipment: General. 36
§ 135.206 Emergency Medical Equipment. 36
§ 135.207 Aircraft Instruments and Equipment. 37
§ 135.209 Inoperable Instruments and Equipment. 46
§ 135.211 Communication and Navigation Equipment. 47
§ 135.217 Passenger Information Requirements and Smoking Prohibitions. ·47
§ 135.219 Dual Controls Required. 48
SUBPART J – MAINTENANCE, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, AND ALTERATIONS
§ 135.239 Maintenance Requirements. 49
§ 135.241 Responsibility for Airworthiness. 49
§ 135.243 Manual Requirements. 49
§ 135.245 Approved Aircraft Inspection Program. 49
§ 135.247 Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program. 51
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العامه للطبعان المحترف
General Authority of Civil Aviation
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
§ 135.249 Additional Maintenance Requirements. 51
SUBPART K – PILOT REQUIREMENTS AND QUALIFICATIONS
§ 135.331 Applicability. 52
§ 135.333 Pilots: Limitations on Use of Services. 52
§ 135.335 Composition of Flight Crew. 52
§ 135.337 Refueling With Passengers on Board. 53
§ 135.339 Emergency and Emergency Evacuation Duties. 53
§ 135.341 Pilot in Command Qualifications. 54
§ 135.343 Operating Experience. 56
§ 135.345 Second in Command Qualifications. 57
§ 135.347 Pilot Qualifications: Recent Experience. 59
§ 135.349 Initial and Recurrent Pilot Testing and Checking Requirements. · 61
§ 135.351 Pilot in Command: Instrument Proficiency Check Requirements. 63
§ 135.353 Pilot in Command: Line Checks: Routes and Aerodromes. 65
§ 135.355 Pilots: Tests and Checks, Grace Provisions, Training to Accepted……65 Standards.
§ 135.357 Pilot in Command Qualification: Route, Aerodromes, and Rotorcraft…66 Operations.
§ 135.359 Pilot in Command Aerodrome Qualification: Special Areas and……68 Aerodromes.
§ 135.361 Pilot in Command Qualification: Single Pilot Operations Under……69 Instrument Flight Rules or at Night.
SUBPART L - TRAINING PROGRAMS
§ 135.375 Applicability. 71
§ 135.377 Training Program: General. 71
§ 135.379 Training Program: Special Rules. 72
§ 135.381 Training Program and Revision: Initial and Final Approval. 73
§ 135.383 Training Program: Curriculum. 74
§ 135.385 Training Program: Additional Requirements for Operations of Single…74
Engine Turbine Powered Airplanes at Night or in Instrument Meteorological Conditions.
§ 135.386 Training Program: Additional Requirements for Single Pilot.... 75
Operations Under Instrument Flight Rules or at Night.
§ 135.387 Pilot Training Requirements. 75
§ 135.388 Human Factors Principles Training: Pilots. 76
§ 135.389 Pilot Emergency Training. 77
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العامه للطبعان المحترف
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
§ 135.391 Approval of Aircraft Simulators and Other Training Devices. ……79
§ 135.393 Qualifications: Check Pilots (Aircraft) and Check Pilots (Simulator). 80
§ 135.395 Qualifications: Flight Instructors (Aircraft) and Flight Instructors……82 (Simulator).
§ 135.397 Initial and transition training and checking: Check airmen (aircraft),… 83 check airmen (simulator).
§ 135.399 Initial and Transition Training and Checking: Flight Instructors……85 (Aircraft), Flight Instructors (Simulator).
§ 135.401 Pilot Training Programs. 87
§ 135.403 Pilot Initial and Recurrent Training Requirements. 88
§ 135.405 Pilots: Initial, Transition, and Upgrade Ground Training. 88
§ 135.407 Pilots: Initial, Transition, Upgrade, and Differences Flight Training. 91
§ 135.409 Recurrent Training. 91
SUBPART M – AIRCRAFT DISPATCHER REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.429 General. 93
SUBPART N – FATIGUE MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.449 Applicability. 94
§ 135.451 Flight Time Limitations and Rest Requirements: All Certificate……94 Holders.
§ 135.453 Flight Time Limitations and Rest Requirements: Scheduled……94 Operations.
§ 135.455 Flight Time Limitations and Rest Requirements: Unscheduled One……96 and Two Pilot Crews.
§ 135.457 Flight Time Limitations: Other Commercial Flying. 97
§ 135.459 Flight Time Limitations: Positioning. 97
§ 135.461 Maintenance and Preventive Maintenance Personnel Duty Time……97 Limitations.
§ 135.463 Aircraft Dispatcher Duty Time Limitations. 98
SUBPART O – FLIGHT OPERATIONS
§ 135.583 Applicability. 99
§ 135.585 Responsibility for Operational Control. 99
§ 135.587 Emergency Operations. 99
§ 135.591 Restriction or Suspension of Operations: Continuation of Flight in an…100 Emergency.
§ 135.593 Flight Preparation Form. 100
§ 135.594 Operational Flight Plan Contents. 101
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العامه للطبعان المحترف
General Authority of Civil Aviation
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
§ 135.595 Inspector's Credentials: Admission to Pilots' Compartment: Forward · 101 Observer's Seat.
§ 135.597 Instrument Approach Procedures and IFR Landing Minimums. … 101
§ 135.599 Flight Locating Requirements. 101
§ 135.601 Informing Personnel of Operational Information and Appropriate……102 Changes.
§ 135.603 Operating Information Required. 102
§ 135.605 Carriage of Persons Without Compliance With the Passenger Carrying 104 Provisions of This Part.
§ 135.609 Aircraft and Facilities for Recent Flight Experience. 104
§ 135.611 Pilot Duties. 104
§ 135.613 SIC Requirements and Exceptions. 105
§ 135.617 Passenger Occupancy of Pilot Seat. 105
§ 135.618 Pilots at Controls. 105
§ 135.619 Manipulation of Controls. 106
§ 135.621 Briefing of Passengers. 106
§ 135.622 Stowage of Baggage. 107
§ 135.623 Prohibition Against Carriage of Weapons. 107
§ 135.625 Aircraft Security. 107
§ 135.627 Pilot Equipment. 107
SUBPART P - FLIGHT RELEASE RULES
§ 135.645 Applicability. 108
§ 135.647 Flight Release: General. 108
§ 135.649 Aircraft Equipment. 108
§ 135.651 Communication and Navigation Facilities. 108
§ 135.653 Facilities and Services. 109
§ 135.655 VFR: Rotorcraft Surface Reference Requirements. 109
§ 135.657 VFR: Over the Top Carrying Passengers: Operating Limitations. 109
§ 135.658 Fuel and Oil Supply. 109
§ 135.659 In-Flight Fuel Management. 113
§ 135.661 IFR: Operating Limitations. 114
§ 135.663 IFR: Take Off Limitations. 115
§ 135.665 IFR: Destination Aerodrome Weather Minimums. 115
§ 135.666 Alternate Aerodrome for Destination: IFR or Over the Top. 115
§ 135.667 IFR: Alternate Aerodromes Weather Minimums. 117
§ 135.669 Continuing Flight in Unsafe Conditions. 118
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الطبيه العامه للطبیان المحلي
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
§ 135.671 Icing Conditions: Operating Limitations. 118
§ 135.673 Weather Reports and Forecasts. 118
SUBPART Q – RECORDS AND REPORTS
§ 135.687 Applicability. 120
§ 135.689 Recordkeeping Requirements. 120
§ 135.690 Load Manifest. 122
§ 135.691 Reporting Mechanical Irregularities. 122
§ 135.693 Maintenance Log: Aircraft. 123
§ 135.695 Service Difficulty Reports. 123
§ 135.697 Mechanical Interruption Summary Report. 126
§ 135.699 Electronic Recordkeeping. 126
SUBPART R - TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS
§ 135.741 Applicability. 129
§ 135.743 General. 129
§ 135.745 Dangerous Goods Training Program: General. 129
APPENDIX A TO GACAR PART 135 – MANUAL REQUIREMENTS
Section I. Operations Manual. 130
Section II. Maintenance Manual. 137
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
SUBPART A - GENERAL
§ 135.1 Applicability.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, this part prescribes rules governing—
(1) The scheduled and unscheduled commercial operations of other than transport category aircraft and commuter category airplane operations of each person who holds or is required to hold an Air Operator Certificate (AOC) under General Authority of Civil Aviation Regulation (GACA) Part 119;
(2) Each person employed or used by a certificate holder conducting operations under this part;
(3) Each person who is on board an aircraft being operated under this part; and
(4) Each person who is an applicant for an AOC under GACAR Part 119 with authorization from the President.
(b) The President may authorize temporary relief from certain sections of this part for the purpose of ferrying, training, positioning, maintenance, or other special purposes, provided the certificate holder demonstrates to the President that the operation can be conducted with an acceptable level of safety in accordance with specified limitations and conditions.
(c) Additional requirements for powered-lift operations, training, checking, and testing, are set forth in GACAR Part 100.
§ 135.3 Rules Applicable to Operations Outside of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Each certificate holder, while operating an aircraft in a country other than the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), must comply with GACAR § 91.475, except where any rule of this part is more restrictive and may be followed without violating the rules of that country.
§ 135.5 Carriage of Psychoactive Substances.
If the certificate holder permits any aircraft it owns or leases to be engaged in any operation it knows to be in violation of GACAR § 91.23, that operation is a basis for suspending or revoking the certificate.
§ 135.7 Documents To Be Carried on Board.
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
(a) In addition to the requirements of GACAR § 91.9, the pilot in command (PIC) must ensure the following are carried on board:
(1) A certified true copy of the AOC, and a copy of the operations specifications summary, issued in conjunction with the certificate; and
(2) When applicable, a copy of the Article 83bis agreement.
(b) The certificate holder must establish procedures for ensuring that the PIC has available on board the aircraft all the essential information concerning the search and rescue services in the area over which the aircraft will be flown.
§ 135.9 Flight Logbook Requirements.
(a) All aircraft must carry a flight logbook in accordance with GACAR § 91.9(a)(6) containing the items specified in GACAR § 91.8 and any other requirements listed in the operator's manual.
(b) The PIC is responsible for ensuring the flight logbook entries are completed in accordance with the certificate holder's procedures.
(c) These records must be maintained for 30 days.
§ 135.11 Surrender of International Crew Member Certificate.
The holder of an international crew member certificate issued by the President, or the air operator by whom the holder is employed, must surrender the certificate to the GACA for cancellation at the termination of the holder's employment with that air operator.
§ 135.13 Applicability of Rules to Operators With an Authorized Area of Operations Restricted to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Only.
A certificate holder that has, by way of its operations specifications, a defined area of operations restricted to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia may be authorized relief from certain sections of this part provided the certificate holder demonstrates to the President that the operation can be conducted with an acceptable level of safety in accordance with specified limitations and conditions.
§ 135.15 Single-Engine Aircraft Restrictions.
(a) No person may operate a single-engine airplane in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) or
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
at night unless—
(1) The airplane to be used complies with GACAR § 135.115 and the equipment requirements of GACAR § 135.207,
(2) The planned route of flight complies with GACAR § 135.61,
(3) The additional maintenance requirements of GACAR § 135.249 are complied with,
(4) The flight crew training complies with GACAR § 135.385, and
(5) The certificate holder is authorized by the President to conduct such operations.
(b) Certificate holders operating single-engine rotorcraft must comply with the restrictions in Subpart G of this part for operations in performance Class 3.
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General Authority of Civil Aviation
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
SUBPART B – MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
§ 135.35 Management Personnel Required.
(a) Each certificate holder operating under this part must have sufficient qualified management and technical personnel to ensure the highest degree of safety in its operations. The certificate holder must have qualified personnel serving full-time in the following or equivalent positions:
(1) Director of operations,
(2) Chief pilot, and
(3) Director of maintenance.
(b) The President may approve positions or numbers of positions other than those listed in paragraph (a) of this section for a particular operation if the certificate holder shows that it can perform the operation with the highest degree of safety under the direction of fewer or different categories of management personnel due to—
(1) The kind of operation involved,
(2) The number and type of aircraft used, and
(3) The area of operations.
(c) The title of the positions required under paragraph (a) of this section or the title and number of equivalent positions approved under paragraph (b) of this section must be set forth in the certificate holder's operations specifications.
(d) The individuals who serve in the positions required or approved under paragraph (a) or (b) of this section and anyone in a position to exercise control over operations conducted under the operating certificate must—
(1) Be qualified through training, experience, and expertise;
(2) To the extent of their responsibilities, have a full understanding of the following material with respect to the certificate holder's operation:
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العليه العامه للطيران المضي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
(i) Aviation safety standards and safe operating practices;
(ii) The GACAR;
(iii) The certificate holder's operations specifications;
(iv) All appropriate maintenance and airworthiness requirements (for example, GACAR Parts 1, 21, 23, 43, 66, 91, and 119); and
(v) The manual required by GACAR § 135.85.
(3) Discharge their duties to meet applicable legal requirements and to maintain safe operations.
(e) Each certificate holder must—
(1) State in the general policy provisions of the manual required by GACAR § 135.85, the duties, responsibilities, and authority of personnel required or approved under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section;
(2) List in the manual the names and business addresses of the individuals assigned to those positions; and
(3) Notify the GACA within 10 days of any change in personnel or any vacancy in any position listed.
§ 135.37 Management Personnel: Qualifications.
(a) To serve as director of operations for a certificate holder conducting any operations for which the PIC is required to hold an airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate a person must hold an ATP certificate and either—
(1) Have at least 3 years' supervisory or managerial experience within the last 6 years in a position that exercised operational control over any operations conducted under GACAR Part 121 or 135; or
(2) In the case of a person becoming director of operations—
GACAR Part 135
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العليه العامه للطيران المدني
General Authority of Civil Aviation
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
(i) For the first time ever, have at least 3 years' experience, within the past 6 years, as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(ii) With previous experience as a director of operations, have at least 3 years' experience, as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(b) To serve as director of operations for a certificate holder that only conducts operations for which the PIC is required to hold a commercial pilot certificate, a person must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate. If an instrument rating is required for any PIC for that certificate holder, the director of operations must also hold an instrument rating. In addition, the director of operations must either—
(1) Have at least 3 years of supervisory or managerial experience within the last 6 years in a position that exercised operational control over any operations conducted under GACAR Part 121 or 135; or
(2) In the case of a person becoming director of operations—
(i) For the first time ever, have at least 3 years' experience, within the past 6 years, as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(ii) With previous experience as a director of operations, have at least 3 years' experience as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(c) To serve as chief pilot for a certificate holder conducting any operation for which the PIC is required to hold an ATP certificate a person must hold an ATP certificate with appropriate ratings and be qualified to serve as PIC in at least one aircraft used in the certificate holder's operation and—
(1) In the case of a person becoming a chief pilot for the first time ever, have at least 3 years' experience, within the past 6 years, as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(2) In the case of a person with previous experience as a chief pilot, have at least 3 years' experience as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(d) To serve as chief pilot for a certificate holder that only conducts operations for which the PIC is required to hold a commercial pilot certificate, a person must hold at least a commercial pilot
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General Authority of Civil Aviation
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
certificate. If an instrument rating is required for any PIC for that certificate holder, the chief pilot must also hold an instrument rating. The chief pilot must be qualified to serve as PIC in at least one aircraft used in the certificate holder's operation. In addition, the chief pilot must—
(1) In the case of a person becoming a chief pilot for the first time ever, have at least 3 years' experience, within the past 6 years, as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(2) In the case of a person with previous experience as a chief pilot, have at least 3 years' experience as PIC of an aircraft operated under GACAR Part 121 or 135.
(e) To serve as director of maintenance under this part a person must hold a mechanic certificate with airframe and powerplant ratings and either—
(1) Have 3 years of experience within the past 6 years maintaining aircraft as a certificated mechanic, including, at the time of appointment as director of maintenance, experience in maintaining the same category and class of aircraft as the certificate holder uses; or
(2) Have 3 years of experience within the past 6 years repairing aircraft in a certificated airframe repair station, including 1 year in the capacity of approving aircraft for return to service.
(f) A certificate holder may request relief to employ a person who does not meet the appropriate airman experience requirements, managerial experience requirements, or supervisory experience requirements of this section if the President finds that the person has comparable experience, and can effectively perform the functions associated with the position in accordance with the requirements of the GACAR and the procedures outlined in the certificate holder's manual.
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
SUBPART C - ROUTES AND AREAS
§ 135.57 Aerodrome Requirements.
(a) No certificate holder may use any aerodrome unless it is adequate for the proposed operation, considering such items as size, surface, obstructions, and lighting.
(b) No pilot of an aircraft carrying passengers at night may take off from, or land on, an aerodrome unless—
(1) That pilot has determined the wind direction from an illuminated wind direction indicator or local ground communications or, in the case of takeoff, that pilot's personal observations; and
(2) The limits of the area to be used for landing or takeoff are clearly shown—
(i) For airplanes, by boundary or runway marker lights and
(ii) For rotorcraft, by boundary or runway marker lights or reflective material.
(c) For the purpose of paragraph (b) of this section, if the area to be used for takeoff or landing is marked by flare pots or lanterns, their use must be authorized by the President.
§ 135.59 En Route Navigation Facilities.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each certificate holder must show suitable navigation aids are available to navigate the aircraft along the route within the degree of accuracy required for ATC.
(b) Navigation aids are not required for the following operations:
(1) Day visual flight rules (VFR) operations that the certificate holder shows can be conducted safely by pilotage because of the characteristics of the terrain and
(2) Other operations authorized by the President.
§ 135.61 Route Limitations for Single Engine Airplanes.
(a) No certificate holder may operate a single engine airplane on any route unless, at any point along
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
that route, a safe forced landing can be executed if the engine fails.
(b) Each certificate holder must ensure the position of the safe forced landing sites used to comply with paragraph (a) of this section are programmed into the aircraft's area navigation (RNAV) system required by GACAR § 135.207(j)(7).
§ 135.63 Maximum Flying Time From an Adequate Aerodrome.
No certificate holder may operate an airplane on a planned route that exceeds 60 minutes' flying time (at the one-engine-inoperative cruise speed under standard conditions in still air) from an adequate aerodrome unless authorized by the President.
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
SUBPART D – MANUAL REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.81 Applicability.
(a) This subpart prescribes requirements for preparing and maintaining manuals by all certificate holders operating under this part.
(b) The President may authorize relief from certain sections of this subpart due to the limited size of the operation provided the certificate holder demonstrates to the President that all or part of the manual may not be necessary for guidance of flight, ground, or maintenance personnel.
§ 135.83 Preparation.
Each manual required by this subpart must—
(a) Include instructions and information necessary to allow the personnel concerned to perform their duties and responsibilities with a high degree of safety;
(b) Be in a form easy to revise;
(c) Have the date of last revision on each revised page;
(d) Include applicable GACAR references;
(e) Not be contrary to any applicable KSA regulation and any applicable foreign regulation, or the certificate holder's operations specifications or operating certificate;
(f) Be revised as necessary to keep the contents relevant to the operations conducted;
(g) Include human factors principles; and
(h) Be acceptable to the President.
§ 135.85 Manual Contents.
(a) Operations Manual. Each certificate holder must prepare an operations manual, which must be organized with the following structure:
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[Non-Text]
GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
(1) General;
(2) Aircraft operating information;
(3) Areas, routes, and aerodromes; and
(4) Training.
(b) Maintenance Manual. Each certificate holder must prepare a maintenance manual for the use and guidance of maintenance and operational personnel concerned. The maintenance manual must describe the operator's procedures necessary to ensure that all scheduled and unscheduled maintenance is performed on the operator's aircraft on time and in a controlled and satisfactory manner.
(c) The manuals referred to in this section must contain the contents listed in Appendix A to this part.
§ 135.87 Distribution and Availability.
(a) Each certificate holder must furnish copies of the manual(s) required by GACAR § 135.85 (and the changes and additions) or appropriate parts of the manual(s) to—
(1) Its appropriate ground operations and maintenance personnel,
(2) Its pilots, and
(3) Representatives of the GACA assigned to the certificate holder.
(b) Each person to whom a manual or appropriate parts of it are furnished under paragraph (a) of this section must keep it up to date with the changes and additions furnished to that person and must have the manual or appropriate parts of it accessible when performing assigned duties.
(c) To comply with paragraph (a) of this section, a certificate holder must furnish the maintenance part of the manual to persons listed above in printed form or other form acceptable to the President and retrievable in the English language.
(d) Each certificate holder must maintain at least one complete copy of the manuals at its principal base of operations.
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SUBPART E - AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS
§ 135.107 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes aircraft requirements for all certificate holders operating an aircraft under this part.
§ 135.109 Aircraft Requirements: General.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no certificate holder may operate an aircraft unless that aircraft—
(1) Is a Saudi Arabian registered civil aircraft and carries a valid standard airworthiness certificate issued under GACAR Part 21; and
(2) Is in an airworthy condition and meets the applicable airworthiness requirements, including those relating to identification and equipment.
(b) A certificate holder may use an approved mass and balance control system based on average, assumed, or estimated mass to comply with applicable airworthiness requirements and operating limitations.
(c) Subject to the leasing requirements of GACAR Part 119, a certificate holder may operate a civil aircraft, which is not Saudi Arabian registered civil aircraft, provided the aircraft has been specifically identified in the operations specifications pertaining to leased aircraft, and the aircraft is operated in accordance with the conditions of this lease authorization.
§ 135.111 Aircraft Certification Requirements and Prohibitions.
(a) Airplanes certificated in accordance with the United States (U.S.) Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) 41 are prohibited from operation under this part, unless otherwise authorized by the President.
(b) Airplanes certificated in accordance with the U.S. SFAR 23 are permitted under this part although they may not have more than nine passenger seats installed.
(c) Rotorcraft operating in performance Classes 1 and 2 must be certificated in Category A.
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(d) Rotorcraft operating in performance Class 3 must be certificated in either Category A or B (or equivalent).
§ 135.113 Aircraft Proving and Validation Tests.
(a) No certificate holder may operate an aircraft, other than a turbojet airplane, for which two pilots are required for operations under VFR, if it has not previously proved such an aircraft in operations under this part in at least 25 hours of proving tests acceptable to the President including—
(1) Night time of 5 hours, if night flights are to be authorized by the President;
(2) Five instrument approach procedures under simulated or actual instrument flight conditions, if instrument flight rules (IFR) flights are to be authorized; and
(3) Entry into a representative number of en route aerodromes as determined by the President.
(b) No certificate holder may operate a turbojet airplane if it has not previously proved a turbojet airplane in operations under this part in at least 25 hours of proving tests acceptable to the President including—
(1) Five hours of night time, if night flights are to be authorized;
(2) Five instrument approach procedures under simulated or actual conditions, if IFR flights are to be authorized; and
(3) Entry into a representative number of en route aerodromes as determined by the President.
(c) No certificate holder may operate a single engine turbine powered airplane at night or in IMC if it has not previously proved a single engine turbine powered airplane in operations at night or in IMC in proving tests acceptable to the President including—
(1) Demonstration of normal, abnormal and emergency procedures applicable to the operation to be authorized; and
(2) Demonstration of an engine failure, including descent to a forced landing at night or in IMC.
(d) No certificate holder may carry passengers in an aircraft during proving tests, except those needed to make the tests and those designated by the President to observe the tests. However, pilot flight
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training may be conducted during the proving tests. Mail or cargo may be carried if approved by the President.
(e) Validation testing is required to determine that a certificate holder is capable of conducting operations safely and in compliance with applicable regulatory standards. Validation tests are required for the following authorizations:
(1) The addition of an aircraft for which two pilots are required for operations under VFR or a turbojet airplane, if that aircraft or an aircraft of the same make or similar design has not been previously proved or validated in operations under this part;
(2) Operations outside KSA airspace, and
(3) Special performance or operational authorizations.
(f) Validation tests must be accomplished by test methods acceptable to the President. Actual flights may not be required when an applicant can demonstrate competence and compliance with appropriate regulations without conducting a flight.
(g) Proving tests and validation tests may be conducted simultaneously when appropriate.
(h) The President may authorize relief from this section if he finds that special circumstances make full compliance with this section unnecessary.
§ 135.115 Single-Engine Airplanes Operated in IMC or at Night: Airplane Requirements.
No certificate holder may operate a single-engine airplane in IMC or at night, unless—
(a) The airplane is turbine powered,
(b) The engine has a demonstrated reliability with a power loss rate of less than one per 100 000 engine hours, and
(c) The airplane is equipped in accordance with GACAR § 135.207(j).
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
SUBPART F – AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS
§ 135.133 Applicability.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section, this subpart prescribes airplane performance operating limitations for all certificate holders operating airplanes under this part.
(b) Certificate holders operating turbojet airplanes must comply with all sections of this subpart, except when required data is not provided in the aircraft flight manual (AFM) or other approved source.
(c) Certificate holders operating airplanes other than those described in paragraph (b) of this section must comply only with GACAR §§ 135.135(e) and (f), 135.143, and 135.145.
(d) The President may authorize relief from specific sections of this subpart, provided the certificate holder demonstrates to the President that the operation can be conducted with an acceptable level of safety in accordance with specified limitations and conditions.
§ 135.135 General.
(a) Each certificate holder operating an airplane under this part described in GACAR § 135.133(b) must comply with the applicable provisions of GACAR §§ 135.137 through 135.145.
(b) All certificate holders must take into account all factors that significantly affect the performance of the airplane when calculating aircraft performance and operating limitations.
(c) The performance data in the AFM applies in determining compliance with GACAR §§ 135.137 through 135.141. Where conditions are different from those on which the performance data is based, compliance is determined by—
(1) Interpolations, if the performance data follow a reasonably linear scale or
(2) Using the most conservative value of the proximate results of the direct tests, if an accurate interpolation cannot be made.
(d) The certificate holder must consider charting accuracy when assessing compliance with GACAR § 135.137.
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(e) For all airplanes, the mass at takeoff, or at the expected time of landing at the destination and at any alternate, must not exceed the relevant maximum mass at which compliance with the applicable noise certification standards in GACAR Part 36 have been demonstrated, unless otherwise authorized by the President for operating at aerodromes where there is no noise disturbance problem.
(f) Certificate holders operating airplanes other than those described in GACAR § 135.133(b) must ensure the airplane’s mass at the time of takeoff is not greater than the mass allowed for the length of the takeoff or landing runway, using data from the AFM. The operator must consider at least the following factors to comply with this paragraph:
(1) Aerodrome pressure altitude;
(2) Wind;
(3) Ambient temperature;
(4) Runway slope; and
(5) Runway contaminants, including standing water, snow, or ice.
§ 135.137 Airplane: Takeoff Limitations.
(a) No person operating an airplane may take off at a mass greater than that listed in the AFM for the elevation of the aerodrome and for the ambient temperature existing at takeoff.
(b) No person operating an airplane may take off at a mass greater than that listed in the AFM at which compliance with the following may be shown:
(1) The accelerate stop distance must not exceed the length of the runway plus the length of any stopway.
(2) The takeoff distance must not exceed the length of the runway plus the length of any clearway, except that the length of any clearway included must not be greater than one half the length of the runway.
(3) The takeoff run must not be greater than the length of the runway.
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(c) In determining maximum mass, minimum distances, and flight paths under paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section, correction must be made for the runway to be used, the elevation of the aerodrome, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind component at the time of takeoff, and, if operating limitations exist for the minimum distances required for takeoff from wet runways, the runway surface condition (dry, wet, or contaminated). Wet runway distances associated with grooved or porous friction course runways, if provided in the AFM, may be used only for runways that are grooved or treated with a porous friction course overlay, and that the certificate holder determines are designed, constructed, and maintained in a manner acceptable to the President.
(d) For purposes of this section, it is assumed the airplane is not banked before reaching a height of 50 ft (15 m), as shown by the takeoff path or net takeoff flight path data (as appropriate) in the AFM, and thereafter that the maximum bank is not more than \( 15^{\circ} \) .
(e) For the purposes of this section the terms, “takeoff distance,” “takeoff run,” “net takeoff flight path,” and “takeoff path” have the same meanings as set forth in the rules under which the airplane was certificated.
(f) In determining the length of the runway available, account must be taken of the loss, if any, of runway length due to alignment of the airplane before takeoff.
§ 135.139 Airplane: Landing Limitations: Destination Aerodromes.
(a) No person operating an airplane may take off at a mass that—
(1) Allowing for anticipated consumption of fuel and oil, is greater than the mass that would allow a full stop landing within the landing distance available of the most suitable runway at the destination aerodrome;
(2) Is greater than the mass allowable if the landing is to be made on the runway—
(i) With the greatest effective length in still air.
(ii) The airplane is landed on the most suitable runway considering the probable wind velocity and direction and the ground handling characteristics of the airplane, and considering other conditions such as landing aids and terrain.
(3) Exceeds the estimated maximum landing mass specified in the AFM for the pressure altitude
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appropriate to the elevation of those aerodromes and, if used as a parameter to determine the maximum landing mass, any other applicable atmospheric conditions.
(b) For the purpose of this section, it is assumed that—
(1) The airplane passes directly over the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway at a height of 50 ft (15 m), stabilized at the approach speed specified for the airplane's configuration and operating conditions.
(2) The landing does not require exceptional pilot skill.
(c) No person may take off a turbojet powered airplane when the appropriate weather reports and forecasts, or a combination of them, indicate that the runways at the destination aerodrome may be wet or slippery at the estimated time of arrival unless either—
(1) AFM data exists for wet or slippery runways and that data is used to determine the requirement of paragraph (a) of this section.
(2) The effective runway length is at least 115 percent of the runway length required by paragraph (a) of this section.
(d) If the actual conditions at the time of landing differ from the conditions assumed in paragraph (a) of this section, the PIC must calculate the landing distance required using the most current conditions available to ensure the landing distance available is sufficient.
§ 135.141 Airplane: Landing Limitations: Alternate Aerodromes.
No person may list an aerodrome as an alternate aerodrome on a flight release unless the airplane, at the mass anticipated at the time of arrival, can land and be brought to a full stop within 70 percent of the effective length of the runway from a point 50 ft (15 m) above the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway based on the assumptions in GACAR § 135.139.
§ 135.143 Performance Requirements: Land Aircraft Operated Over Water.
No person may operate a land aircraft carrying passengers over water unless—
(a) It is operated at an altitude that allows it to reach land in the case of engine failure;
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(b) It is necessary for takeoff or landing;
(c) It is a multi-engine aircraft operated at a mass that will allow it to climb, with the critical engine inoperative, at least 50 ft/min, (0.25 m/s) at an altitude of 1 000 ft (300 m) above ground level (AGL); or
(d) It is a rotorcraft equipped with rotorcraft flotation devices.
§ 135.145 Performance Requirements: Aircraft Operated Over the Top or in IMC.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, no person may—
(1) Operate a single-engine aircraft carrying passengers over the top; or
(2) Operate a multi-engine aircraft carrying passengers over the top or in IMC at a mass that will not allow it to climb, with the critical engine inoperative, at least 50 ft/min (0.25 m/s) when operating at the minimum en route IFR altitudes (MEA) of the route to be flown or 5 000 ft (1 500 m) mean sea level (MSL), whichever is higher.
(b) Notwithstanding the restrictions in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, multi-engine rotorcraft carrying passengers offshore may conduct such operations in over the top or in IMC at a mass that will allow the rotorcraft to climb at least 50 ft/min (0.25 m/s) with the critical engine inoperative when operating at the MEA of the route to be flown or 1 500 ft (450 m) MSL, whichever is higher.
(c) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, if the latest weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the weather along the planned route (including takeoff and landing) allows flight under VFR under the ceiling (if a ceiling exists) and that the weather is forecast to remain so until at least 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival at the destination, a person may operate an aircraft over the top.
(d) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, a person may operate an aircraft over the top under conditions allowing—
(1) For multi-engine aircraft, descent or continuance of the flight under VFR if its critical engine fails or
(2) For single-engine aircraft, descent under VFR if its engine fails.
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
SUBPART G – ROTORCRAFT PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS
§ 135.161 Applicability.
(a) This subpart prescribes rotorcraft performance operating limitations for all certificate holders operating rotorcraft under GACAR Part 135.
(b) In addition to the requirements of this subpart, certificate holders operating rotorcraft must comply with GACAR §§ 135.143 and 135.145 in Subpart F of this part.
§ 135.163 Performance Class: General.
Unless authorized by the President in the certificate holders operations specifications—
(a) All rotorcraft operating to or from a heliport in a congested hostile environment must be operating in performance Class 1.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (a), rotorcraft must be operating in performance Class 1, 2 or 3.
(c) Operations in performance Class 2 must only be conducted with a safe forced landing capability during takeoff and landing.
(d) Operations in performance Class 3 must not be conducted in a hostile environment.
(e) To permit relief from paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, the certificate holder must undertake a risk assessment, considering factors such as—
(1) The type of operation and the circumstances of the flight,
(2) The area/terrain over which the flight is being conducted,
(3) The probability of a critical engine failure and the consequence of such an event,
(4) The procedures to maintain the reliability of the engine(s),
(5) The training and operational procedures to mitigate the consequences of the critical engine failure, and
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(6) Installation and use of a usage monitoring system.
§ 135.165 Performance: General.
(a) A certificate holder must ensure that the mass of the rotorcraft at the start of the takeoff is not greater than the mass at which the requirements of the appropriate performance class prescribed in this subpart can be complied with for the flight to be undertaken, allowing for expected reductions in mass as the flight proceeds, and for such fuel jettisoning as is provided for in the particular requirement.
(b) A certificate holder must ensure that the approved performance data contained in the AFM is used to determine compliance with the requirements of this subpart, supplemented as necessary with other data acceptable to the President. When applying the appropriate factors prescribed in this subpart, account may be taken of any operational factors already incorporated in the AFM performance data to avoid double application of factors.
(c) When showing compliance with the requirements of this subpart, due account must be taken of the following parameters—
(1) Mass of the rotorcraft;
(2) Rotorcraft configuration;
(3) Environmental conditions, in particular:
(i) Pressure altitude, and temperature;
(ii) Wind:
(A) For takeoff, takeoff flight path and landing requirements, accountability for wind must be no more than 50 percent of any reported steady headwind component of 5 kt (2.6 m/s) or more.
(B) Where takeoff and landing with a tailwind component is permitted in the AFM, and in all cases for the takeoff flight path, not less than 150 percent of any reported tailwind component must be taken into account.
(C) Where precise wind measuring equipment enables accurate measurement of wind
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velocity over the point of takeoff and landing, alternate wind components specific to a site may be approved by the President;
(4) Operating techniques; and
(5) Operation of any systems which have adverse effect on performance.
§ 135.167 Operating Limitations.
(a) For rotorcraft operating in performance Class 2 or 3 in any flight phase where an engine failure may cause the rotorcraft to force land—
(1) The minimum visibility must not be less than 800 m; and
(2) The operator must verify that the surface below the intended flight path permits the pilot to execute a safe forced landing.
(b) Performance Class 3 operations must not be performed—
(1) In IMC;
(2) At night; or
(3) When the cloud ceiling is less than 600 ft (180 m).
§ 135.169 Obstacle Accountability Area.
For the purposes of the obstacle clearance requirements prescribed in GACAR Parts §§ 135.171 through 135.175—
(a) An obstacle, located beyond the final approach and takeoff area (FATO), in the takeoff flight path or the missed approach flight path, must be considered if its lateral distance from the nearest point on the surface below the intended flight path is not farther than—
(1) For VFR operations, half of the minimum FATO (or the equivalent term used in the AFM) width defined in the AFM (or, when no width is defined 0.75 times the maximum dimension of the rotorcraft (D)), plus 0.25 times D (or 3 m, whichever is greater), plus 0.10 times the distance travelled (DR) for VFR day operations, 0.15 DR for VFR night operations.
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(2) For IFR operations:
(i) One and one-half times D (or 30 m, whichever is greater), plus 0.10 DR for IFR operations with accurate course guidance 0.15 DR for IFR operations with standard course guidance 0.30 DR for IFR operations without course guidance.
(ii) When considering the missed approach flight path, the divergence of the obstacle accountability area only applies after the end of the takeoff distance available;
(iii) Standard course guidance includes automatic direction finder (ADF) and very high frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) guidance. Accurate course guidance includes instrument landing system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS) or other course guidance providing an equivalent navigational accuracy.
(3) For operations with initial takeoff conducted visually and converted to IFR/IMC at a transition point—
(i) The criteria required in paragraph (a)(1) apply up to the transition point.
(ii) The criteria required in paragraph (a)(2) apply after the transition point.
(iii) The transition point cannot be located before the end of takeoff distance required (TODRH) for rotorcraft operating in performance Class 1 and before the defined point after takeoff (DPATO) for rotorcraft operating in performance Class 2.
(b) For takeoff using a backup (or a lateral transition) procedure; an obstacle, located in the backup (or lateral transition) area, must be considered if its lateral distance from the nearest point on the surface below the intended flight path is not farther than half of the minimum FATO (or the equivalent term used in the AFM) width defined in the AFM (or, when no width is defined 0.75 D), plus 0.25 times D (or 3 m, whichever is greater), plus 0.10 for VFR day, or 0.15 for VFR night, of the distance traveled from the back of the FATO.
(c) Obstacles may be disregarded if they are situated—
(1) Beyond 7 R for day operations if it is assured that navigational accuracy can be achieved by reference to suitable visual cues during the climb;
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(2) Beyond 10 R for night operations if it is assured that navigational accuracy can be achieved by reference to suitable visual cues during the climb;
(3) Beyond 300 m if navigational accuracy can be achieved by appropriate navigation aids; and
(4) Beyond 900 m in the other cases.
§ 135.171 Operations in Performance Class 1.
(a) Takeoff mass. The takeoff mass of the rotorcraft must not exceed the maximum takeoff mass specified in the AFM for the procedure to be used and to achieve a rate of climb of 100 ft/min (0.50 m/s) at 200 ft (60 m) and 150 ft/min (0.75 m/s) at 1 000 ft (300 m) above the level of the heliport with the critical engine inoperative and the remaining engines operating at an appropriate power rating, taking into account the parameters specified in GACAR § 135.165 (See Appendix F to GACAR Part 121, Figure F–1).
(b) Rejected takeoff. The takeoff mass must be such that the rejected TODRH does not exceed the rejected takeoff distance available.
(c) Takeoff distance. The takeoff mass must be such that the TODRH does not exceed the takeoff distance available.
(d) As an alternative to paragraph (c) of this section, the requirement above may be disregarded provided the rotorcraft with the critical engine failure recognized at takeoff decision point TDP can, when continuing the takeoff, clear all obstacles from the end of the takeoff distance available to the end of the TODRH by a vertical margin of not less than 35 ft (10 m) (See Appendix F to GACAR Part 121, Figure F–2).
(e) Backup procedures or procedures with lateral transition. A certificate holder must ensure, with the critical engine inoperative, all obstacles below the backup flight path (the lateral flight path) are cleared by an adequate margin. Only the obstacles specified in GACAR § 135.169(b) must be considered.
(f) Takeoff flight path. From the end of the TODRH with the critical engine inoperative—
(1) The takeoff mass must be such that the climb path provides a vertical clearance of not less than 35 ft (10 m) for VFR operations and 35 ft (10 m) plus 0.01 DR for IFR operations above all
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GACAR PART 135 - OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR OPERATORS OPERATING OTHER THAN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT OR COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
obstacles located in the climb path. Only obstacles as specified in GACAR § 135.169 must be considered.
(2) Where a change of direction of more than \( 15^{\circ} \) is made, obstacle clearance requirements must be increased by 15 ft (5 m) from the point at which the turn is initiated. This turn must not be initiated before reaching a height of 200 ft (60 m) above the takeoff surface, unless permitted as part of an approved procedure in the AFM.
(g) En route. The takeoff mass is such that it is possible, in case of the critical engine failure occurring at any point of the flight path, to continue the flight to an
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