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T
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of municipal & Rural Affairs
Deputy Ministry for Technical Affairs
MOMRA
Bridges, Tunnels, Culverts and Pedestrian
Bridges Specifications in Urban Areas
Construction Specifications
MA 100-C-V1/1
2013

T
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of municipal & Rural Affairs
Deputy Ministry for Technical Affairs
Introduction
As for the importance and vitality of road constructions and the need to control them so as to perform their function in an appropriate way throughout their service age.
So many countries and Organizations had prepared specifications for design and construction these structures.
These Specifications were differed from one another according to the environment and the nature of the climate.
For instance some organizations and societies in U.S.A.
Such as the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
These organizations and societies have improved and updated design specification.
In the same way each state in U.S.A.
has developed its own specification mainly based on AASHTO specification and refers to them In different situations, but they will be suitable for the circumstances of the State that has improved them.
As for K.S.A.
which is one of the countries that has a large transportation network and many road structures, so the necessity arose to prepare suitable specification for these structures to suit the environmental circumstances and the transportation policy that has adopted in K.S.A.
So the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia representative in the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has taken the role of collecting the specification under
the title Bridges, Tunnels, culverts, pedestrian bridges in the urban areas.
These specifications include the following:
1- Preliminary studies
2-Design specifications
3-Construction specifications
The ministry has also updated codes for both bridges and culverts manuals according to the new specifications.
T
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of municipal & Rural Affairs
Deputy Ministry for Technical Affairs
Specifications Books
<table><tr><td>1</td><td>Preliminary studies</td><td>MA 100-P-V1/1</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Construction Specifications</td><td>MA 100-C-V1/1</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Design specifications</td><td>MA 100- D- V1/2</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Design specifications</td><td>MA 100-D- V2/2</td></tr></table>

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS......I
SECTION 1.
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS......
1
1.1.
GENERAL....1
1.2.
ABBREVIATIONS....1
1.3.
TERMS 2
1.3.1.
Acceptance Plan....2
1.3.2.
Acceptable Quality Level AQL 2
1.3.3.
Acceptance Program 2
1.3.4.
Additive....2
1.3.5.
Addendum....2
1.3.6.
Advertisement for Bids or Notice to Contractors 2
1.3.7.
Article 2
1.3.8.
Award....2
1.3.9.
Backfill....3
1.3.10.
Back Slope 3
1.3.11.
Bid....3
1.3.12.
Bidder....3
1.3.13.
Binder Layer 3
1.3.14.
Bill of Quantities....3
1.3.15.
Bridge....3
1.3.16.
Bridge Length 3
1.3.17.
Bridge Roadway Width....3
1.3.18.
Boulder....3
1.3.19.
Calendar Day 3
1.3.20.
Calibrate....3
1.3.21.
Camber....4
1.3.22.
Centerline 4
1.3.23.
Certificate of Guarantee 4
1.3.24.
Compaction....4
1.3.25.
Construction Joint 4
1.3.26.
Consecutive Days....4
1.3.27.
Contract and Contract Documents 4
1.3.28.
Contract Bid Price....4
1.3.29.
Contract Bonds....4
1.3.30.
Contract Item (Item of Work) 4
1.3.31.
Contract Time 5
1.3.32.
Contractor 5
1.3.33.
Contract Payment Bond 5
1.3.34.
Contract Performance Bond....5
1.3.35.
Contract Sum or Contract Amount 5
1.3.36.
Country 5
1.3.37.
Culvert....5
1.3.38.
Date 5
i

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
1.3.39.
Deck 5
1.3.40.
Density 5
1.3.41.
Design Mix 5
1.3.42.
Design Load 5
1.3.43.
Detour....6
1.3.44.
Directive 6
1.3.45.
Dowel 6
1.3.46.
Drawings 6
1.3.47.
Elevation....6
1.3.48.
Engineer 6
1.3.49.
Equipment 6
1.3.50.
Existing....6
1.3.51.
Expansion Joint 6
1.3.52.
Extra Work 6
1.3.53.
Extra Work Order....6
1.3.54.
Faulting....6
1.3.55.
Force Account Work 7
1.3.56.
General Specifications....7
1.3.57.
Grout....7
1.3.58.
Guarantor....7
1.3.59.
Holiday 7
1.3.60.
Headwall....7
1.3.61.
Inspector 7
1.3.62.
Item of Work 7
1.3.63.
Job-Mix job-mix formula, design-mix 7
1.3.64.
Joint 7
1.3.65.
Kingdom....7
1.3.66.
Laboratory 7
1.3.67.
Legal Holidays 7
1.3.68.
Leveling Course 8
1.3.69.
Load Transfer Device 8
1.3.70.
Longitudinal Joint 8
1.3.71.
Lot 8
1.3.72.
Major Item 8
1.3.73.
Materials 8
1.3.74.
Ministry 8
1.3.75.
Municipality Amanah....8
1.3.76.
Municipality of province Baladiah 8
1.3.77.
Minor Concrete 8
1.3.78.
Moisture Content....8
1.3.79.
Original Ground 8
1.3.80.
Performance Guarantee 8
1.3.81.
Period of Maintenance....9
1.3.82.
Plans 9
1.3.83.
Price Breakdown 9
1.3.84.
Preconstruction Conference 9
1.3.85.
Program of Work....9
1.3.86.
Process-Verbal 9
1.3.87.
Professional Engineer....9
1.3.88.
Provisional Handover....9
1.3.89.
Proposal....9
1.3.90.
Proposal Form 9
1.3.91.
Quality Assurance 10
1.3.92.
Quality Assurance Procedures....
10
1.3.93.
Quality Control....
10
ii

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
1.3.94.
Quality Index 10
1.3.95.
Questionnaire 10
1.3.96.
Random....10
1.3.97.
Rural council....10
1.3.98.
Rejectable Quality Level RQL....10
1.3.99.
Reinforcement....10
1.3.100.
Reprocessing....10
1.3.101.
Resurfacing 10
1.3.102.
Right-of-Way 11
1.3.103.
Riprap....11
1.3.104.
SABKHA 11
1.3.105.
Shop Drawings....11
1.3.106.
Sidewalk....11
1.3.107.
Site 11
1.3.108.
Site Engineer....11
1.3.109.
Skew Angle....11
1.3.110.
Specifications....11
1.3.111.
Special Specifications ....
11
1.3.112.
Specified Completion Date ....
11
1.3.113.
Standard Drawings....11
1.3.114.
Standard Specifications....12
1.3.115.
Subcontractor 12
1.3.116.
Substructure 12
1.3.117.
Superintendent 12
1.3.118.
Superstructure 12
1.3.119.
Superelevation....12
1.3.120.
Supplemental Agreement....12
1.3.121.
Supplemental Specification....12
1.3.122.
Surety 12
1.3.123.
Temporary Structure 12
1.3.124.
Tender 12
1.3.125.
Tender Documents....12
1.3.126.
Tender Guarantee....13
1.3.127.
Tenderer 13
1.3.128.
Traffic Lane 13
1.3.129.
Visual Inspection 13
1.3.130.
Water-Cement Ratio 13
1.3.131.
Weephole 13
1.3.132.
Work 13
1.3.133.
Working Day....13
1.3.134.
Working Drawings....13
1.4.
REFERENCES....14
SECTION 2.
INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS....15
2.1.
PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS....15
2.1.1.
Notice to Contractors Advertisement....15
2.1.2.
Language of bid 15
2.1.3.
Competition documents ....
15
2.1.3.1.
Competition documents include ....
15
2.2.
CONTRACT RATES ....16
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Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
2.2.1.
PRELIMINARY GUARANTEE 16
2.2.2.
Final Guarantee 16
2.3.
INTERPRETATION OF QUANTITIES IN BID SCHEDULE....
17
2.4.
EXAMINATION OF PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, AND SITE OF WORK....
17
2.5.
PREPARATION OF PROPOSAL 17
2.5.1.
Proposal Form 17
2.5.2.
Signing 17
2.6.
WITHDRAWAL OR REVISION OF PROPOSALS 18
2.7.
PUBLIC OPENING OF PROPOSALS....
18
2.8.
MATERIAL GUARANTEE....
18
2.9.
BID SUBMISSION MANNER....
18
2.10.
REFERENCES 20
SECTION 3.
GENERAL RULES ......
21
3.1.
INTRODUCTION....
21
3.2.
WORK SCOPE AND DOCUMENTS....
21
3.2.1.
Contract Purpose 21
3.2.2.
Contract Documents 21
3.2.3.
Contract Language 22
3.2.4.
Additional Drawings 22
3.2.5.
Special Work 22
3.2.6.
Non-Estimated Items 23
3.2.7.
Addition, Omission, and Modification in Work Items....
23
3.2.8.
Introduction of New Items to the Project 23
3.2.9.
Modification Claims and Disputes 24
3.2.10.
Removal and Disposal of Structures and Obstructions 24
3.2.11.
Power & Water Supply....
24
3.2.12.
Coordination between Works....
24
3.2.13.
Site Evacuation and Cleaning After Work Completion 24
3.2.14.
Construction & Execution Record Books 25
3.2.15.
Workshop Drawings....
25
3.3.
LEGAL RELATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS THE PUBLIC......
25
3.3.1.
Law Abidance 25
3.3.2.
Authorizations, Licenses, and Charges 25
3.3.3.
Patent Right and Ownership....
25
3.3.4.
Royalties....
26
3.3.5.
Relations between Contractor and His Employees and Employees of His Subcontractor....
26
3.3.6.
Insurance 26
3.3.7.
Monuments and Fossils....
26
3.3.8.
Alcoholic Drinks, Drugs, Weapons, Ammunition, and Keeping Order....
26
3.3.9.
Property Preservation 26
3.3.10.
Contractor's Responsibility for Work....
27
3.3.11.
Personal Responsibility of Government Officials 27
3.3.12.
Preservation of Environment....
27
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MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
3.3.13.
Dangerous Wastes....28
3.3.14.
Using Explosives 28
3.3.15.
Losses on Persons and Properties 28
3.3.16.
Traffic Control at Work Site 28
3.3.17.
Safety Precautions at Project Site 29
3.3.18.
Guiding and Lighting....29
3.4.
SUPERVISION ON THE WORKS....29
3.4.1.
Supervision Staff....29
3.4.2.
Supervision Staff Duties 29
3.4.3.
Supervision Staff Authorities....30
3.4.4.
Supervision Staff Facilities 30
3.4.5.
Laboratory, Measuring and Testing Systems and Equipments....31
3.4.5.1.
Measuring Equipments 31
3.4.5.2.
Sampling, Samples Storing and Testing Systems and Equipments 31
3.4.6.
Client Commitments 31
3.5.
EXECUTION CONDITIONS AND WORK PROGRESS: 31
3.5.1.
Work Site Inspection....31
3.5.2.
Work Site Handing in 31
3.5.3.
Contractor Commitments....32
3.5.4.
Work Site Planning 32
3.5.5.
Compliance With drawings and Specifications 32
3.5.6.
Coordination with Public Utilities & Structures Authorities 32
3.5.7.
Signs....33
3.5.8.
Contractor's Technical Staff....33
3.5.9.
Penalty for Absence of Contractor Technical Staff 33
3.5.10.
Work Program and Time Schedule 33
3.5.11.
Construction Equipments....34
3.5.12.
Pre-Construction Meeting 34
3.5.13.
Subcontracts....34
3.5.14.
Night Work 34
3.5.15.
Unusual Traffic 35
3.5.16.
Temporary Work Halting....35
3.5.17.
Defects and Failure 35
3.5.18.
Work Withdrawal....36
3.5.19.
Assigning Withdrawn Works to another Contractor....36
3.5.20.
Contract Period 36
3.5.21.
Delay Penalty 37
3.5.22.
As-Built Drawings: 37
3.5.23.
Ending Contractor's Responsibility: 38
3.6.
CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF MATERIALS AND WORKS ....38
3.6.1.
Materials and Works Control Procedures 38
3.6.2.
Material Sources 39
3.6.3.
Material Transportation and Storing 39
3.6.4.
Work Inspection before Covering....39
3.7.
MEASURMENT AND PAYMENT....40
3.7.1.
Work Measuring 40
3.7.2.
Payment Scope 40
3.7.3.
Compensation for Modified Quantities....40
3.7.4.
Additional Work and Work According to Calculating Manpower 41
3.7.5.
Unauthorized Work....41
3.7.6.
Lump Sum....41
3.7.7.
Fixtures and Accessories....41
3.7.8.
Payments 41
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Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
3.7.8.1.
Current Payment....
41
3.7.8.2.
Final Payment....
42
3.8.
WORK HANDING OVER 42
3.8.1.
Preliminary Handing Over 42
3.8.2.
Final Handing Over 43
3.9.
REFERENCES 44
SECTION 4.
STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL......45
4.1.
DESCRIPTION 45
4.1.1.
General 45
4.1.2.
Classification....45
4.1.2.1.
Unclassified Excavation....45
4.1.2.2.
Unclassified Structural Excavation 46
4.1.2.3.
Common Substructural Excavation....46
4.1.2.4.
Substructural Rock Excavation 46
4.1.2.5.
Unclassified Backfill, Select Backfill, and Granular Backfill....
46
4.1.2.6.
Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) Backfill....
46
4.2.
WORKING DRAWINGS 46
4.3.
EXCAVATION....
47
4.3.1.
Inspection 47
4.3.1.1.
General 47
4.3.1.2.
Approval....47
4.3.1.3.
Change in Foundation Elevations 47
4.3.1.4.
Drilling or Probing 47
4.3.2.
Depth and Size of Excavation 48
4.3.3.
Foundation Preparation and Control of Water 48
4.3.3.1.
General 48
4.3.3.2.
Excavation within Channels....48
4.3.4.
Foundations on Rock....49
4.3.5.
Foundations not on Rock....49
4.3.6.
Pile Excavation....50
4.3.7.
Tunnel Excavation....50
4.3.8.
Approval....50
4.3.9.
Permits and Licenses....50
4.4.
BACKFILLING....51
4.4.1.
General 51
4.4.2.
Materials....52
4.4.2.1.
Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM)....52
1.
General....52
2.
Mix Design 52
3.
Sampling and Testing 53
a.
Flow Test 53
b.
Unit weight 53
c.
Strength Test 53
4.4.3.
Foundation Preparation 53
4.4.4.
Preservation of Stream Banks and Channel 53
4.4.5.
Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Material 54
4.5.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE:....
54
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MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
4.5.1.
Quality Control: 54
4.5.1.1.
Cut....54
4.5.1.2.
Backfill....54
4.5.2.
Quality Assurance: 55
4.5.2.1.
Cut....55
4.5.2.2.
Backfill....55
4.6.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT....55
4.6.1.
Measurement....55
4.6.1.1.
General....55
4.6.1.2.
Excavation for Substructures Supported by Piles 55
4.6.1.3.
Excavation for Substructures Supported on Natural Foundation Materials....55
4.6.1.4.
Excavation for Box and Pipe Culverts....56
1.
Box Culverts....56
2.
Pipe Culverts 56
4.6.1.5.
Excavation for Tunnels....56
4.6.1.6.
Excavation for Bracing 56
4.6.1.7.
Backfilling 56
4.6.1.8.
Special Conditions 56
4.6.2.
Payment....56
4.7.
REFERENCES....59
SECTION 5.
REMOVAL OF EXISTING STRUCTURES......61
5.1.
DESCRIPTION....61
5.2.
WORKING DRAWINGS....61
5.3.
CONSTRUCTION....61
5.3.1.
General....61
5.3.2.
Partial Removal of Structures 62
5.3.3.
Demolition 62
5.3.4.
Removal of Bridges, Culverts and other Existing Structures 62
5.3.5.
Removal of Sewer Pipe....63
5.3.6.
Removal of Pavement, Sidewalks, Curbs, Etc....63
5.3.7.
Salvage....63
5.3.8.
Abandoned Structures....64
5.3.9.
Disposal of Abandoned Materials....64
5.4.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....64
5.4.1.
Quality Control 65
5.4.2.
Quality Assurance....65
5.5.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT....65
5.6.
REFERENCES....66
SECTION 6.
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES....67
6.1.
GENERAL....67
6.1.1.
Description....67
6.1.2.
Working Drawings....67
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Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
6.1.2.1.
General 67
6.1.2.2.
Submission Sets 67
6.1.2.3.
Design Details 67
6.1.2.4.
Foundation Loads....68
6.1.2.5.
Materials Specifications 68
6.1.2.6.
Concrete Placement....68
6.1.2.7.
Settlements 68
6.1.2.8.
Traffic....68
6.1.3.
Requirements....68
6.2.
FORMS AND FALSEWORK....69
6.2.1.
Falsework Materials 69
6.2.1.1.
General 69
6.2.1.2.
Salvaged Steel 69
6.2.1.3.
Timber 69
6.2.1.4.
Used lumber 69
6.2.1.5.
Manufactured components 69
6.2.2.
Forms Materials....70
6.2.2.1.
General 70
6.2.2.2.
Sheathing....70
6.2.2.3.
Structural Support 70
6.2.2.4.
Prefabricated Formwork....70
6.2.2.5.
Stay-in-Place Steel Deck Forms....70
6.2.2.6.
Stay-in-Place Prestressed Concrete Deck Forms 71
6.2.3.
Falsework Design and Construction....71
6.2.3.1.
Design Loads....71
1.
Vertical loads: 71
2.
Horizontal loads 71
a.
Wind Load 71
b.
Stream flow....72
c.
Lateral fluid pressure 72
d.
Minimum Horizontal Load 73
3.
Load Combinations....73
4.
Slenderness 73
6.2.3.2.
Allowable Design Stresses....73
1.
Timber....74
2.
Steel 74
3.
Other requirements 75
4.
Manufactured Assemblies....75
6.2.3.3.
Foundation....75
6.2.3.4.
Deflection....76
6.2.3.5.
Clearance....76
6.2.3.6.
Construction....76
1.
Falsework Over or Adjacent to Roadways and Railroads 77
2.
Falsework for Steel Structures....78
6.2.4.
Formwork Design and Construction 78
6.2.4.1.
General 78
6.2.4.2.
Design 79
6.2.4.3.
Construction 79
6.2.4.4.
Tube Forms 79
6.2.4.5.
Stay-in-Place Forms 80
6.2.5.
Removal of Falsework and Forms....80
6.2.5.1.
General 80
6.2.5.2.
Time of Removal....81
6.2.5.3.
Extent of Removal....81
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MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
6.3.
COFFERDAMS AND SHORING....82
6.3.1.
General....82
6.3.2.
Protection of Concrete 82
6.3.3.
Removal 83
6.4.
TEMPORARY WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS....83
6.4.1.
General....83
6.4.2.
Working drawings....83
6.4.3.
Operation....83
6.5.
TEMPORARY BRIDGES....83
6.5.1.
General....83
6.5.2.
Detour Bridges 83
6.5.3.
Haul Bridges 84
6.5.4.
Maintenance....84
6.6.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....84
6.6.1.
Quality Control 84
6.6.2.
Quality Assurance: 84
6.7.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 85
6.8.
REFERENCES....86
SECTION 7.
PILING AND DRILLED SHAFTS CONSTRUCTION .....
87
7.1.
DESCRIPTION....87
7.2.
SUBMITTALS 87
7.2.1.
Contractor Qualifications and Equipment Adequacy 87
7.2.2.
Working Drawings....88
7.3.
MATERIALS 89
7.3.1.
Driven Piles....89
7.3.1.1.
Forms 89
7.3.1.2.
Casting 89
7.3.1.3.
Finish 89
7.3.1.4.
Curing and Protection 89
7.3.1.5.
Prestressing 89
7.3.1.6.
Storage and Handling....89
7.3.2.
Drilled Shafts 90
7.3.2.1.
Concrete 90
7.3.2.2.
Reinforcing Steel 90
7.3.2.3.
Casings....90
7.3.2.4.
Slurry 90
7.4.
DRIVEN PILES CONSTRUCTION....92
7.4.1.
Preparation for Driving 92
7.4.1.1.
Site Work 92
1.
Excavation 92
2.
Pre-drilling to Facilitate Driving 92
3.
Additional Requirements for Predrilled Holes in Embankments 92
7.4.1.2.
Preparation of Piling 92
1.
Pile Heads....92
2.
Collars (metal hoops) 92
3.
Pile Shoes and End Plates....93
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Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
7.4.2.
Pile Driving Equipment....
93
7.4.2.1.
Hammers 94
1.
General....94
2.
Drop Hammers....94
3.
Air Hammers....94
4.
Diesel Hammers....95
5.
Hydraulic Hammers....95
6.
Vibratory Hammers 95
7.
Additional Equipment or Methods....95
7.4.2.2.
Driving Appurtenances 95
1.
Hammer Cushion 95
2.
Helmet....96
3.
Pile Cushion....96
4.
Leads....96
5.
Followers 96
6.
Jetting....97
7.4.3.
Driving 97
7.4.3.1.
Heaved Piles....97
7.4.3.2.
Obstructions 98
7.4.3.3.
Installation Sequence....98
7.4.3.4.
Limiting Driving Stresses....98
7.4.3.5.
Driving of Probe Piles 98
7.4.3.6.
Accuracy of Driving....98
7.4.4.
Determination of Nominal Resistance 99
7.4.4.1.
General 99
7.4.4.2.
Static Load Tests 99
7.4.4.3.
Dynamic Testing 100
7.4.4.4.
Wave Equation Analysis 100
7.4.4.5.
Dynamic Formula....
100
7.4.5.
Splicing of Piles 101
7.4.5.1.
Concrete Piles....
101
7.4.6.
Defective Piles....
101
7.4.7.
Pile Cut-Off....
101
7.5.
DRILLED SHAFTS CONSTRUCTION....
101
7.5.1.
Protection of Existing Structures....
101
7.5.2.
Construction Sequence 102
7.5.3.
Construction Methods 102
7.5.3.1.
Trial Drilled Shafts....
102
1.
General....
102
2.
Location and Depth....
102
3.
Failure to Demonstrate Ability 102
4.
Trial Shaft Approval 103
5.
Site Restoration....
103
7.5.3.2.
Drilled Shafts 103
1.
Hole Excavation....
103
a.
General....
103
b.
Dry Method....
103
c.
Wet Method 104
d.
Casing Methods 104
d1.
Temporary Casing Construction Method 104
d2.
Permanent Casing Construction Method 104
d3.
Double Casing Method 105
d4.
Obstructions....
105
2.
Excavation Inspection....
106
a.
Inspection Equipment 106
x

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
b.
Removal of Excess Sediment and Water....106
c.
Television Camera Inspection 106
c1.
Equipment 106
c2.
Drawings 106
c3.
Shaft Inspection....106
3.
Exterior Casing....107
4.
Reinforcing Steel Cage Construction and Placement....107
a.
General 107
b.
Access Tubes for Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL)....108
7.5.3.3.
Concrete Placement, Curing and Protection 109
1.
Tremies....110
2.
Concrete Pumps....110
7.5.3.4.
Concrete Sampling....110
7.5.3.5.
Consistency....111
7.5.3.6.
Defective Shafts....111
7.5.4.
Alternative Construction Methods....111
7.5.5.
Construction Tolerances 111
7.6.
TESTING OF DRILLED SHAFTS....112
7.6.1.
Test Shafts and Bells....112
7.6.2.
Drilled Shaft Load Tests 112
7.6.3.
Integrity Testing....113
7.6.4.
Nondestructive Testing of Drilled Shafts....113
7.6.4.1.
General....113
7.6.4.2.
NDT Consultant....113
7.6.4.3.
Testing Schedule....113
7.6.4.4.
CSL Test Equipment....113
7.6.4.5.
CSL Logging Procedures....114
7.6.4.6.
CSL Testing Results ....114
7.6.4.7.
Core Drilling of Drilled Shaft Concrete....114
7.6.4.8.
Abandoning CSL Access Tubes ....115
7.7.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....115
7.7.1.
Quality Control ....115
7.7.1.1.
Driven Piles....115
7.7.1.2.
Drilled Shafts....115
7.7.2.
Quality Assurance....116
7.8.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT....116
7.8.1.
Measurement....116
7.8.1.1.
Driven Piles....116
1.
Piles Furnished....116
2.
Driven Piles 116
7.8.1.2.
Pile Splices and Pile Shoes ....116
7.8.1.3.
Drilled Shaft....116
7.8.1.4.
Bell Footings....116
7.8.1.5.
Test shafts 117
7.8.1.6.
Test Bells 117
7.8.1.7.
Exploration....117
7.8.1.8.
Permanent Casing 117
7.8.1.9.
Load Tests....117
7.8.2.
Payment....117
7.8.2.1.
Driven Piles....117
1.
Unit Cost Contracts 117
2.
Lump Sum Contracts....118
7.8.2.2.
Drilled Shafts 119
1.
Drilled Shaft 119
xi

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
2.
Bell Footings....
119
3.
Test Shafts....
119
4.
Test Bells 120
5.
Exploration Holes 120
6.
Permanent Casing 120
7.
Load Tests....
120
7.9.
REFERENCES 123
SECTION 8.
GROUND ANCHORS....125
8.1.
DESCRIPTION 125
8.1.1.
Definitions....
125
8.2.
SUBMISSION AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 127
8.2.1.
Contractor Qualifications 127
8.2.2.
Working Drawings 127
8.3.
MATERIALS....
128
8.3.1.
Prestressing Steel....
128
8.3.2.
Grout....
128
8.3.3.
Steel Elements 128
8.3.4.
Corrosion Protection Elements....
129
8.3.5.
Miscellaneous Elements....
129
8.4.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS....
129
8.4.1.
Tendons Fabrication....
129
8.4.1.1.
General 129
8.4.1.2.
Tendon Bond Length....
130
8.4.1.3.
Spacers and Centralizers 130
8.4.1.4.
Unbonded Length....
130
8.4.1.5.
Bearing Plates, Anchorage and Trumpet....
131
8.4.1.6.
Tendon Storage and Handling....
131
8.5.
INSTALLATION 132
8.5.1.
Drilling 132
8.5.2.
Tendon Insertion 132
8.5.3.
Grouting 132
8.5.4.
Trumpet and Anchorage....
133
8.6.
TESTING AND STRESSING 133
8.6.1.
Verification Test....
133
8.6.2.
Test Equipment 133
8.6.3.
Performance Test....
134
8.6.4.
Proof Test 135
8.6.5.
Creep Test 136
8.6.6.
Lock-Off....
136
8.6.7.
Acceptance 137
8.7.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....
137
8.7.1.
Quality Control....
138
8.7.2.
Quality Assurance 138
8.8.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 138
8.9.
REFERENCES 141
xii

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
SECTION 9.
EARTH RETAINING SYSTEMS....
143
9.1.
DESCRIPTION....143
9.2.
WORKING DRAWINGS....143
9.3.
MATERIALS 144
9.3.1.
Concrete 144
9.3.1.1.
Cast-in-Place 144
9.3.1.2.
Pneumatically Applied Mortar....144
9.3.1.3.
Precast Elements 144
9.3.1.4.
Segmental Concrete Facing Blocks 144
9.3.2.
Reinforcing Steel 144
9.3.3.
Structural Steel....144
9.3.4.
Structure Backfill Material....145
9.3.4.1.
General....145
9.3.4.2.
Crib and Cellular Walls 145
9.3.4.3.
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls....145
9.4.
EARTHWORK 146
9.4.1.
Structural Excavation....146
9.4.2.
Foundation Treatment....146
9.4.3.
Structural Backfill....146
9.5.
CONSTRUCTION....146
9.5.1.
Cast-in-place Concrete Walls....147
9.5.1.1.
Architectural Finish 147
9.5.1.2.
Retaining Wall Placement....147
9.5.1.3.
Vertical Precast Concrete Wall Elements with Cast-in-Place Concrete Footings .
147
9.5.2.
Sheet Pile And Soldier Pile Walls....147
9.5.2.1.
Sheet Pile Walls....147
9.5.2.2.
Soldier Pile Walls 148
9.5.2.3.
Anchored Sheet Piles and Soldier Pile Wall....149
1.
General 149
2.
Wales....149
3.
Concrete Anchors System 149
4.
Tie-rods....149
5.
Ground Anchors 149
6.
Earthwork 149
9.5.3.
Crib Walls and Cellular Walls 150
9.5.3.1.
Foundation 150
9.5.3.2.
Crib Members 150
9.5.3.3.
Concrete Monolithic Cell Members....150
9.5.3.4.
Member Placement 150
9.5.3.5.
Backfilling 151
9.5.4.
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls 151
9.5.4.1.
Facing....151
9.5.4.2.
Soil Reinforcement 152
9.5.4.3.
Construction....152
9.6.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....152
9.6.1.
Quality Control 153
9.6.2.
Quality Assurance....153
9.7.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 153
9.8.
REFERENCES....156
xiii

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
SECTION 10.
CONCRETE STRUCTURES....157
10.1.
NOTATION 157
10.2.
GENERAL 157
10.2.1.
Description ....
157
10.2.2.
Related Work....
157
10.2.3.
Construction Methods 157
10.3.
CLASSES OF CONCRETE 157
10.3.1.
General 157
10.3.2.
Normal-Weight Concrete 158
10.3.3.
Lightweight Concrete 158
10.4.
MATERIALS....
158
10.4.1.
Cements 158
10.4.2.
Aggregates....
159
10.4.2.1.
Fine aggregate 159
10.4.2.2.
Coarse aggregate 159
10.4.2.3.
Blended Aggregates 159
10.4.2.4.
Lightweight aggregate 159
10.4.2.5.
Exception....
159
10.4.3.
Admixtures 159
10.4.3.1.
Mineral Admixtures 159
1.
Pozzolans2F....160
2.
Silica Fume 160
3.
Slag 160
10.4.3.2.
Chemical Admixtures....
161
10.4.4.
Water 162
10.5.
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE 162
10.5.1.
Mixing 162
10.5.1.1.
Responsibility and Criteria....
162
10.5.1.2.
Trial Batch Test....
163
1.
Standard Deviation 163
2.
Required Average Strength....
164
10.5.1.3.
Documentation of Average Strength....
164
1.
Average Strength Reduction 165
10.5.2.
Water Content 166
10.5.3.
Cement Content....
166
10.5.4.
Admixtures....
167
10.5.4.1.
Mineral Admixtures 167
10.5.4.2.
Chemical Admixtures....
167
10.6.
MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE 168
10.6.1.
Storage of Cement....
168
10.6.2.
Storage of Aggregates 168
10.6.3.
Measurements of Materials 168
10.6.4.
Batching and Mixing of Concrete 169
10.6.4.1.
Batching 169
10.6.4.2.
Mixing....
169
10.6.5.
Delivery....
169
10.6.6.
Sampling and Testing....
169
10.6.7.
Evaluation and Acceptance of Concrete....
170
10.6.7.1.
Frequency of Testing....
170
10.6.7.2.
Laboratory-Cured Specimens....
170
xiv

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
10.6.7.3.
Field-Cured Specimens....171
10.6.7.4.
Investigation of Low-Strength Test Results....171
10.6.7.5.
Precast Concrete Cured By the Waterproof Cover Method, Steam, or Radiant Heat 172
10.7.
PROTECTION OF CONCRETE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ....172
10.7.1.
General....172
10.7.2.
Rain Protection....172
10.7.3.
Sulfate Exposures....172
10.7.4.
Corrosion Protection of Reinforcement 173
10.7.5.
Sulfate plus Chloride Exposures 174
10.7.6.
Sabkha Exposures 174
10.7.7.
Salt Weathering....174
10.7.8.
Hot-Weather Protection 174
10.7.9.
Special Requirements for Bridge Decks 175
10.8.
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT....175
10.8.1.
Cast-in-place concrete (non-prestressed) 175
10.8.2.
Cast-in-place concrete (prestressed) 176
10.8.3.
Precast concrete (manufactured under plant control conditions)....177
10.8.4.
Bundled bars 177
10.8.5.
Corrosive environments 178
10.8.6.
Future extensions 178
10.8.7.
Fire protection....178
10.9.
HANDLING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE....178
10.9.1.
General....178
10.9.2.
Sequence of Placement 179
10.9.2.1.
Vertical Members....179
10.9.2.2.
Superstructures....179
10.9.2.3.
Arches 179
10.9.2.4.
Tunnels....179
10.9.2.5.
Placing of Concrete for Tunnels on Rock Surfaces ....180
10.9.2.6.
Box Culverts 180
10.9.2.7.
Precast Elements....180
10.9.3.
Placing Methods....180
10.9.3.1.
General....180
10.9.3.2.
Equipment....180
10.9.4.
Consolidation 181
10.9.5.
Underwater Placement....182
10.9.5.1.
General....182
10.9.5.2.
Equipment....182
10.9.5.3.
Clean-up....182
10.10.
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS....183
10.10.1.
General....183
10.10.2.
Horizontal Joints 183
10.10.3.
Vertical Joints 183
10.10.4.
Bonding....183
10.10.5.
Bonding and Dowelling to Existing Structures....183
10.10.6.
Forms at Construction Joints....184
10.11.
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION JOINTS....184
10.11.1.
General....184
10.11.2.
Materials 184
10.11.2.1.
Premolded Expansion Joint Fillers 184
10.11.2.2.
Polystyrene Board Fillers....184
xv

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
10.11.2.3.
Contraction Joint Material....
184
10.11.2.4.
Pourable Joint Sealants (2)....
185
10.11.2.5.
Metal Armor....
185
10.11.2.6.
Waterstops....
185
1.
Rubber Waterstops....
185
2.
Polyvinyl Chloride Waterstops 185
3.
Copper Waterstops....
186
4.
Testing of Waterstop Material 186
10.11.3.
Installation....
186
10.11.3.1.
Open Joints....
186
10.11.3.2.
Filled Joints 186
10.11.3.3.
Sealed Joints....
186
10.11.3.4.
Waterstops....
187
10.11.3.5.
Expansion Joint Armor Assemblies 187
10.11.3.6.
Sheet Packing, Preformed Pads and Board Fillers 187
10.12.
FINISHING PLASTIC CONCRETE....
187
10.12.1.
General 187
10.12.2.
Roadway Surface Finish....
188
10.12.2.1.
Striking Off and Floating 188
10.12.2.2.
Straightedging 188
10.12.2.3.
Texturing 188
1.
Dragged....
189
2.
Broomed....
189
3.
Tined....
189
10.12.2.4.
Surface Testing and Correction....
189
10.12.3.
Pedestrian Walkway Surface Finish....
189
10.12.4.
Trowelled and Brushed Finish 190
10.12.5.
Surface under Bearings 190
10.13.
CURING CONCRETE 190
10.13.1.
General 190
10.13.2.
MATERIALS 191
10.13.2.1.
Water 191
10.13.2.2.
Liquid Membranes 191
10.13.2.3.
Water Proof Sheet Materials 191
10.13.2.4.
Methods....
191
10.13.2.5.
Forms-In-Place Method....
191
10.13.2.6.
Water Method....
191
10.13.2.7.
Liquid Membrane Curing Compound Method....
191
10.13.2.8.
Waterproof Cover Method 192
10.13.2.9.
Steam or Radiant-Heat Curing Method....
192
10.13.3.
Bridge Decks 193
10.14.
FINISHING FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES 193
10.14.1.
General 193
10.14.2.
Class 1 –Ordinary Surface Finish (2)....
193
10.14.3.
Class 2 –Rubbed Finish....
194
10.14.4.
Class 3- Tooled Finish (2)....
194
10.14.5.
Class 4- Sandblasted Finish....
195
10.14.6.
Class 5- Wire-Brushed or Scrubbed Finish....
195
10.15.
PRECAST CONCRETE MEMBERS 195
10.15.1.
General 195
10.15.2.
Working Drawings 195
10.15.3.
Materials and Manufacture....
195
10.15.4.
Curing....
196
xvi

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
10.15.4.1.
Standard Curing Method....196
10.15.4.2.
Steam Curing Method....196
10.15.5.
Storage and Handling....196
10.15.6.
Erection....197
10.15.7.
Epoxy-Bonding Agents for Precast Segmental Box Girders ....197
10.15.7.1.
Materials 197
1.
Test 1-Sag Flow of Mixed Epoxy-Bonding Agent....198
2.
Test 2-Gel Time of Mixed Epoxy-Bonding Agent....198
3.
Test 3-Open Time of Bonding Agent....198
4.
Test 4-Three-Point Tensile Bending Test....198
5.
Test 5-Compression Strength of Cured Epoxy-Bonding Agent 199
6.
Test 6-Temperature Deflection of Epoxy-Bonding Agent ....199
7.
Test 7-Compression and Strength of Cured Epoxy-Bonding Agent .....199
10.15.7.2.
Mixing and Installation of Epoxy 200
10.16.
MORTAR AND GROUT 201
10.16.1.
General....201
10.16.2.
Materials and Mixing....201
10.16.3.
Placing and Curing....201
10.17.
APPLICATION OF LOADS 202
10.17.1.
General....202
10.17.2.
Earth Loads 202
10.17.3.
Construction Loads 202
10.17.4.
Traffic Loads....202
10.18.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SEGMENTAL BRIDGES......202
10.18.1.
Geometry Control 202
10.18.1.1.
Deflection and Camber Data....202
10.18.1.2.
Geometry Control 203
10.18.2.
Tolerances....203
10.18.3.
Shop Drawings and Design Calculations for Construction Procedures....205
10.18.3.1.
General....205
10.18.3.2.
Design Calculations for Construction Procedures 206
10.18.3.3.
Shop Drawings....206
10.18.4.
Forms 207
10.18.4.1.
General....207
10.18.4.2.
Forms for Precast Segmental Construction....207
10.18.5.
Special Provision for Cast-In-Place Segmental Construction....208
10.18.5.1.
General....208
10.18.5.2.
Forming System....208
10.18.5.3.
Superstructure Construction....209
10.18.6.
Special Provision for Precast Concrete Segmental Construction....210
10.18.6.1.
General....210
10.18.6.2.
Fabrication 211
10.18.6.3.
Separation of Match-Cast Segments 211
10.18.6.4.
Handling and Erection of Segments 212
10.18.7.
Special Provisions for Incremental Launching 212
10.18.7.1.
General....212
10.18.7.2.
Casting of Segments 212
10.18.7.3.
Geometric Tolerances....212
10.18.7.4.
Launching Force 212
10.18.7.5.
Pier Monitoring....213
10.18.8.
Defects and Breakage....213
10.19.
CONCRETE FOR MINOR STRUCTURES....213
10.19.1.
Description....213
xvii

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
10.19.2.
Materials....213
10.19.3.
Composition of Concrete for Minor Structure 213
10.19.4.
Placing of Concrete 214
10.19.5.
Curing of Concrete 215
10.19.6.
Acceptance 215
10.20.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE 215
10.20.1.
Quality Control....
215
10.20.2.
Quality Assurance 215
10.21.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 216
10.21.1.
Measurement 216
10.21.2.
Payment 216
10.22.
REFERENCES 224
SECTION 11.
REINFORCING STEEL....225
11.1.
DESCRIPTION 225
11.1.1.
General 225
11.2.
MATERIALS....
225
11.2.1.
Coated Reinforcement 225
11.2.2.
Uncoated Reinforcement 225
11.2.3.
Stainless Steel Reinforcing Bars 226
11.2.4.
Low Carbon, Chromium, Steel Reinforcing Bars 226
11.2.5.
Bar Lists and Bending Diagrams....
226
11.3.
FABRICATION....
226
11.3.1.
Bending 226
11.3.2.
Hooks and Bend Dimensions 226
11.3.3.
Mill Test Reports....
226
11.4.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS....
227
11.4.1.
Handling, Storing and Surface Condition of Reinforcement 227
11.4.2.
Placing and Fastening....
227
11.4.2.1.
General 227
11.4.2.2.
Support Systems....
227
11.4.2.3.
Precast Concrete Blocks....
228
11.4.2.4.
Wire Bar Supports....
228
11.4.2.5.
Adjustments....
228
11.4.2.6.
Repair of Damaged Epoxy Coating....
228
11.4.3.
Splicing of Bars 228
11.4.3.1.
General 228
11.4.3.2.
Lap Splices 229
11.4.3.3.
Welded Splices....
229
11.4.3.4.
Mechanical Splices....
229
11.4.3.5.
Splicing of Welded Wire Fabric....
229
11.4.4.
Substitutions 229
11.5.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....
229
11.5.1.
Quality Control....
230
11.5.2.
Quality Assurance 230
11.6.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 230
11.6.1.
Measurement 230
xviii

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
11.6.2.
Payment....232
11.7.
REFERENCES....234
SECTION 12.
PRESTRESSING....
235
12.1.
GENERAL....235
12.1.1.
Description....235
12.1.2.
Definitions....235
12.1.3.
Detail of Design 235
12.2.
SUPPLEMENTARY DRAWINGS ....236
12.2.1.
Working Drawings and Shop Drawings ....236
12.2.2.
Integrated Drawings....237
12.3.
SUBMITTALS ....237
12.4.
MATERIALS ....238
12.4.1.
Pre-stressing Reinforcement 238
12.4.1.1.
Pre-stressing Steel and Anchorage....238
1.
Strand....238
2.
Wire....238
3.
Bars....238
12.4.1.2.
Post-Tensioning Anchorage and Couplers....238
1.
Bonded System....238
2.
Unbonded System....239
3.
Special Anchorage Device Acceptance Test....239
a.
Test Block Requirement....239
b.
Test Block Dimensions ....240
c.
Local Zone Reinforcement ....240
d.
Skin Reinforcement....240
e.
Concrete Strength ....240
f.
Test Procedure....240
g.
Cyclic Loading Test ....240
h.
Sustained Loading Test ....240
i.
Monotonic Loading Test ....241
j.
Anchorage Zone Requirement....241
k.
Test Series Requirement....241
1.
Records of the Anchorage Device....241
12.4.2.
Grout 242
12.4.2.1.
Approval 242
12.4.2.2.
Mixing....242
12.4.2.3.
Grout Physical Properties ....242
12.4.3.
Ducts 245
12.4.3.1.
General....245
12.4.3.2.
Metal Ducts....245
12.4.3.3.
Plastic Ducts 245
12.4.3.4.
Duct Area....246
12.4.3.5.
Duct Fittings 246
12.5.
CONSTRUCTION....246
12.5.1.
General Tensioning Requirements....246
12.5.1.1.
Concrete Strength....247
12.5.1.2.
Pre-stressing Equipment 247
xix

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
12.5.1.3.
Sequence of Stressing....
247
12.5.1.4.
Measurement of Stress 248
12.5.2.
Pre-Tensioned Members....
248
12.5.2.1.
Pretensioning Requirements....
248
12.5.2.2.
Placement of Prestressing Steel....
249
12.5.2.3.
Releasing Steel 250
12.5.3.
Post-Tensioned Members 250
12.5.3.1.
Post-Tensioning Requirements 250
12.5.3.2.
Placement of Ducts....
251
1.
General....
251
2.
Duct Inlets and Outlets....
252
3.
Proving of Post-Tensioning Ducts 252
4.
Duct Pressure Field Test 252
12.5.3.3.
Placement of Concrete 253
12.5.3.4.
Placement of Post-Tensioning Steel....
253
1.
Protection of Steel after Installation 253
2.
Protection of Tendon 254
12.5.3.5.
Placement of Anchorage 254
12.5.3.6.
Record of Stressing Operation 254
12.5.4.
Identification and Testing....
255
12.5.4.1.
Pretensioning Tendons 255
12.5.4.2.
Post-Tensioning Tendons....
256
12.5.4.3.
Anchorage Assemblies and Couplers....
256
12.5.5.
Protection of Pre-stressing Steel....
256
12.5.6.
Corrosion Inhibitor 256
12.5.7.
Grouting 257
12.5.7.1.
General 257
12.5.7.2.
Preparation of Ducts....
257
12.5.7.3.
Equipment 258
12.5.7.4.
Mixing of Grout 258
12.5.7.5.
Injection of Grout 259
12.5.7.6.
Temperature Considerations 259
12.5.7.7.
Vertical Grouting....
259
12.5.7.8.
Post-Grouting Inspection....
259
12.5.7.9.
Finishing....
260
12.5.7.10.
Protection of End Anchorages....
260
12.5.7.11.
Construction Traffic and Operations Causing Vibrations 261
12.5.8.
Tolerances 261
12.6.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....
264
12.6.1.
Quality Control....
264
12.6.2.
Quality Assurance 265
12.7.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 265
12.7.1.
Measurement 265
12.7.2.
Payment....
265
12.8.
REFERENCES....
267
SECTION 13.
STEEL STRUCTURES....269
13.1.
GENERAL 269
13.1.1.
Description 269
xx

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
13.1.2.
Notice of Beginning of Work....269
13.1.3.
Inspection....269
13.1.4.
Shipping, Handling and Storing Materials....270
13.1.5.
Falsework....270
13.1.6.
Continuous Members....270
13.2.
DRAWINGS....271
13.2.1.
General....271
13.2.2.
Shop Drawings....271
13.2.3.
Erection Drawings ....272
13.2.4.
Camber Diagram....272
13.2.5.
Transportation Drawings....272
13.3.
MATERIALS ....272
13.3.1.
Structural Steel....272
13.3.1.1.
General....272
13.3.1.2.
Carbon Steel....273
13.3.1.3.
High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Steel ....273
13.3.1.4.
High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Quenched, and Tempered Structural Steel Plate .....273
13.3.1.5.
High-Yield-Strength, Quenched, and Tempered Alloy-Steel Plate .....273
13.3.1.6.
Eye bars....273
13.3.1.7.
Structural Tubing ....273
13.3.2.
High-Strength Fasteners....273
13.3.2.1.
General....273
13.3.2.2.
Identifying Marks....274
13.3.2.3.
Dimensions ....275
13.3.2.4.
Galvanized High-Strength Fasteners ....275
13.3.2.5.
Alternative Fasteners ....275
13.3.2.6.
Load-Indicator Devices....276
13.3.3.
Welded Stud Shear Connectors....276
13.3.3.1.
General....276
13.3.3.2.
Test Methods....276
13.3.3.3.
Finish ....276
13.3.3.4.
Certification ....277
13.3.3.5.
Check Samples....277
13.3.4.
Steel Forgings and Steel Shafting ....277
13.3.4.1.
Steel Forgings ....277
13.3.4.2.
Cold-Finished Carbon Steel Shafting ....277
13.3.5.
Steel Castings....277
13.3.5.1.
Mild Steel Castings ....277
13.3.5.2.
Chromium Alloy-Steel Castings ....277
13.3.6.
Iron Castings ....277
13.3.6.1.
Materials ....277
13.3.6.2.
Work Quality and Finish....278
13.3.6.3.
Cleaning....278
13.3.7.
Galvanizing....278
13.3.8.
Storage of Materials ....278
13.4.
FABRICATION....278
13.4.1.
General....278
13.4.2.
Quality of Workmanship....278
13.4.3.
Identification of Steels during Fabrication....278
13.4.4.
Plates....279
13.4.4.1.
Direction of Rolling....279
13.4.4.2.
Plate-Cut Edges....279
1.
Edge Planning....279
xxi

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
2.
Oxygen Cutting....279
3.
Visual Inspection and Repair of Plate-Cut Edges....
279
13.4.4.3.
Bent Plates....
279
1.
General....279
2.
Cold-Bending....279
3.
Hot-Bending....280
13.4.5.
Fit of Stiffeners....280
13.4.6.
Abutting Joints 280
13.4.7.
Facing of Bearing Surfaces 280
13.4.8.
Straightening Material....
281
13.4.9.
Annealing and Stress Relieving 282
13.4.10.
Bolt Holes....
282
13.4.10.1.
Holes for High-Strength Bolts and Unfinished Bolts....
282
1.
General....282
2.
Punched Holes 283
3.
Reamed or Drilled Holes 283
4.
Accuracy of Holes 283
13.4.10.2.
Accuracy of Hole Group 283
1.
Before Reaming 283
2.
After Reaming....283
3.
Numerically-Controlled Drilled Field Connections....
283
4.
Holes for Ribbed Bolts, Turned Bolts, or Other Approved Bearing-Type Bolts 284
5.
Preparation of Field Connections....284
13.4.11.
Pins and Rollers....284
13.4.11.1.
General 284
13.4.11.2.
Boring Pin Holes 285
13.4.11.3.
Threads for Bolts and Pins 285
13.4.12.
Eyebars 285
13.4.13.
Curved Girders 285
13.4.13.1.
General 285
13.4.13.2.
Heat-Curving Rolled Beams and Welded Girders 285
1.
Materials 285
2.
Camber....286
3.
Measurement of Curvature and Camber 286
13.4.14.
Orthotropic-Deck Superstructures....286
1.
General....286
13.4.14.2.
Flatness of Panels 286
13.4.14.3.
Straightness of Longitudinal Stiffeners Subject To Calculated Compressive Stress, Including Orthotropic-Deck Ribs 287
13.4.14.4.
Straightness of Transverse Web Stiffeners and Other Stiffeners Not Subject to Calculated Compressive Stress....287
13.4.15.
Full-Size Tests....287
13.4.16.
Marking and Shipping 287
13.5.
ASSEMBLY 288
13.5.1.
Bolting....288
13.5.2.
Welded Connections 288
13.5.3.
Preassembly of Field Connections 288
13.5.3.1.
General 288
13.5.3.2.
Bolted Connections 288
13.5.3.3.
Check Assembly-Numerically-Controlled Drilling 288
13.5.3.4.
Field-Welded Connections....289
13.5.4.
Match-Marking....289
13.5.5.
Connections Using Unfinished, Turned, or Ribbed Bolts 289
xxii

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
13.5.5.1.
General....289
13.5.5.2.
Turned Bolts 289
13.5.5.3.
Ribbed Bolts 289
13.5.6.
Connections Using High-Strength Bolts....290
13.5.6.1.
General....290
13.5.6.2.
Bolted Parts....290
13.5.6.3.
Surface Conditions....290
13.5.6.4.
Installation of Fastners....291
1.
General 291
2.
Rotational-Capacity Tests 293
3.
Requirement for Washers 294
4.
Turn-of Nut installation Method....295
5.
Calibrated Wrench Installation Method ....295
6.
Alternative Design Bolt Installation Method....296
7.
Direct Tension Indicator Installation Method ....296
a.
Verification....296
b.
Installation....298
8.
Lock-Pin and Collar Fasteners ....298
9.
Inspection ....298
a.
General ....298
b.
Responsibilities of the Engineer....298
c.
Inspection Procedures....298
13.5.7.
Welding....299
13.6.
ERECTION 299
13.6.1.
General....299
13.6.2.
Handling and Storing Materials ....299
13.6.3.
Bearings and Anchorages....300
13.6.4.
Erection Procedure....300
13.6.4.1.
Conformance to Drawings ....300
13.6.4.2.
Erection Stresses....300
13.6.4.3.
Maintaining Alignment and Camber ....300
13.6.5.
Field Assembly ....300
13.6.6.
Pins Connections....301
13.6.7.
Misfits ....301
13.7.
EXPANSION JOINTS....301
13.8.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....301
13.8.1.
Quality Control ....301
13.8.2.
Quality Assurance....302
13.9.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ....302
13.9.1.
Method of Measurement....302
13.9.2.
Basis of Payment....303
13.10.
REFERENCES....307
SECTION 14.
STEEL GRID FLOORING....309
14.1.
GENERAL....309
14.1.1.
Description....309
14.1.2.
Working Drawings....309
14.2.
MATERIALS ....309
xxiii

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
14.2.1.
Steel....309
14.2.2.
Protective Treatment 309
14.2.3.
Concrete 309
14.2.4.
Skid Resistance 310
14.3.
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS....310
14.4.
PROVISION FOR CAMBER 310
14.5.
FIELD ASSEMBLY....310
14.6.
CONNECTION TO SUPPORTS....311
14.7.
WELDING 311
14.8.
REPAIRING DAMAGED GALVANIZED COATINGS....311
14.9.
PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE FILLER 311
14.9.1.
Forms....311
14.9.2.
Placement 312
14.10.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE 312
14.10.1.
Quality Control....
312
14.10.2.
Quality Assurance 312
14.11.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 313
14.12.
REFERENCES 314
SECTION 15.
PAINTING ......315
15.1.
GENERAL 315
15.1.1.
Description 315
15.1.2.
Protection of Public and Property 315
15.1.3.
Protection of the Work 315
15.1.4.
Thickness and Color....
316
15.2.
PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES....
316
15.2.1.
Coating Systems and Paints 316
15.2.2.
Weather Conditions....
316
15.2.3.
Surface Preparation 316
15.2.3.1.
Blast Cleaning 317
15.2.3.2.
Steam Cleaning 317
15.2.3.3.
Solvent Cleaning 318
15.2.3.4.
Hand Cleaning....
318
15.2.3.5.
Power Washing 318
15.2.4.
Application of Paints 318
15.2.4.1.
Application of Zinc-Rich Primers 319
15.2.5.
Measurement and Payment 320
15.3.
PAINTING GALVANIZED SURFACES....
320
15.4.
PAINTING TIMBER....
320
15.4.1.
General 320
15.4.2.
Preparation of Surfaces 321
15.4.3.
Paint....
321
15.4.4.
Application 321
15.4.5.
Painting Treated Timber....
321
15.4.6.
Payment....
321
xxiv

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
15.5.
PAINTING CONCRETE 322
15.5.1.
Surface Preparation....322
15.5.2.
Paint 322
15.5.3.
Application....322
15.6.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....322
15.6.1.
Quality Control 322
15.6.2.
Quality Assurance....323
15.7.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 323
15.8.
REFERENCES....325
SECTION 16.
BEARING DEVICES....327
16.1.
GENERAL....327
16.2.
WORKING DRAWINGS....327
16.3.
MATERIALS 328
16.3.1.
General....328
16.3.1.1.
Rolled Steel....328
16.3.1.2.
Steel Laminates....328
16.3.1.3.
Cast Steel 328
16.3.1.4.
Forged Steel 328
16.3.1.5.
Stainless Steel 328
16.3.2.
Special Material Requirements for Electrometric bearings 328
16.3.2.1.
Properties of the Elastomer....328
16.3.2.2.
Fabric Reinforcement....331
16.3.2.3.
Bond....331
16.3.3.
Special Material Requirements for Pot and desk Bearing....331
16.3.3.1.
Steel 331
16.3.3.2.
Stainless Steel 331
16.3.3.3.
Elastomeric Rotational Element For Pot Bearings 331
16.3.3.4.
Sealant for Pot Bearings....331
16.3.3.5.
Sealing Rings For Pot Bearings 332
16.3.3.6.
Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) Sheet and Strip 332
16.3.3.7.
Polyether Urethane Structural Element for Disc Bearings 332
16.3.4.
Special Material Requirements for Rocker and Roller Bearings 332
16.3.5.
Metal Plates Used in Masonry, Sole and Shim Plates 332
16.3.6.
Special Material Requirements for PTFE Sliding Surfaces 333
16.3.6.1.
PTFE Sheet and Strip....333
16.3.6.2.
PTFE Resin 333
16.3.6.3.
Filler Material 333
16.3.6.4.
Adhesive Material....333
16.3.6.5.
Unfilled PTFE Sheet 333
16.3.6.6.
Filled PTFE Sheet....333
16.3.6.7.
Fabric Containing PTFE Fibers 334
16.3.6.8.
Lubricants 334
16.3.6.9.
Interlocked Bronze and Filled PTFE Structures 334
16.3.6.10.
Surface Treatment....334
16.3.6.11.
Stainless Steel Mating Surface....334
16.3.7.
Special Requirements for Anchor Bolts....334
16.3.8.
Special Material Requirements for Bedding of Masonry Plates ....335
xxv

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
16.4.
FABRICATION....
335
16.5.
TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE....
336
16.5.1.
General 336
16.5.1.1.
Definitions....
336
16.5.1.2.
Test pieces to be supplied to the Engineer 336
16.5.1.3.
Tapered Sole Plates 336
16.5.2.
Tests 337
16.5.2.1.
General 337
16.5.2.2.
Material Certification Tests....
337
16.5.2.3.
Material Friction Test-Sliding Surfaces Only 337
16.5.2.4.
Dimension Check 337
16.5.2.5.
Clearance Test....
338
16.5.2.6.
Short-Term Compression Proof Load Test 338
16.5.2.7.
Long-Term Compression Proof Load Test 338
16.5.2.8.
Bearing Friction Test (for sliding surfaces only) 338
16.5.2.9.
Long-Term Deterioration Test 339
16.5.2.10.
Bearing Horizontal Force Capacity Fixed or Guided Bearings Only....
339
16.5.3.
Performance Criteria 339
16.5.4.
Special Testing Requirements 339
16.5.4.1.
Special Test Requirements for Elastomeric Bearings 339
1.
General....339
2.
Frequency of Testing 339
3.
Ambient-Temperature Tests on the Elastomer 340
4.
Low-Temperature Tests on the Elastomer 340
5.
Visual Inspection of the Finished Bearing 340
6.
Short-Duration Compression Test on Bearings 340
7.
Long-Duration Compression Tests on Bearings 341
8.
Shear Modulus Tests on Material from Bearings 341
16.5.4.2.
Special Test Requirements for Pot and Disc Bearings 341
1.
Lot Size 341
2.
Sampling and Testing Requirements 341
a.
Material Certification Tests 341
b.
Testing by the Engineer 342
3.
Performance Characteristics 343
a.
Proof Load Test....343
b.
Sliding Coefficient of Friction 343
16.5.4.3.
Special Test Requirements for Rocker and Roller Bearing....
343
16.5.4.4.
Special Testing for Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) Surfaces for Bearings .....
344
16.5.4.5.
Special Testing Requirements for Bronze or Copper-Alloyed Plates for Bearings 344
16.5.4.6.
Special Testing Requirements for Curved Sliding Bearing 344
16.5.5.
Use of Tested Bearing in the Structure 345
16.6.
PACKAGING, HANDLING, AND STORAGE 345
16.7.
INSTALLATION 345
16.7.1.
Elastomeric Bearings....
346
16.7.1.1.
General 346
16.7.1.2.
Installation....
346
16.7.2.
Pot and Disc Bearings 346
16.7.2.1.
General 346
16.7.2.2.
Installation....
346
16.7.3.
Rocker And Roller Bearings 346
16.7.3.1.
General 346
16.7.3.2.
Installation....
347
xxvi

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
16.7.4.
Spherical Bearings ....347
16.7.4.1.
General....347
16.7.4.2.
Construction....347
16.7.4.3.
Application....347
16.7.5.
Bronze or Copper-Alloyed Plates for Bearings ....347
16.7.5.1.
Bronze Bearing and Expansion Plates ....347
16.7.5.2.
Rolled Copper-Alloy Bearings and Expansion Plates ....348
16.7.6.
Masonry, Sole, and Shim Plates for Bearings....348
16.7.7.
Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) Surfaces for Bearings ....348
16.7.7.1.
General....348
16.7.7.2.
Attachment of PTFE Material....349
1.
Flat Sheet PTFE....349
2.
Curved Sheet ....349
3.
Fabric Containing PTFE Fibers....349
16.7.7.3.
Stainless Steel Mating Surface....349
16.7.7.4.
Lubrication....349
16.7.7.5.
Installation ....350
16.7.8.
Anchor Bolts ....350
16.7.9.
Load Plates....350
16.7.10.
Other Requirements for Guides ....350
16.7.11.
Installation for Guide-ways and Restraints ....350
16.8.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ....351
16.8.1.
Measurement....351
16.8.2.
Payment....351
16.9.
REFERENCES....353
SECTION 17.
BRIDGE DECK JOINT SEALS....355
17.1.
GENERAL....355
17.2.
WORKING DRAWINGS....355
17.3.
MATERIALS ....355
17.4.
MANUFACTURE AND FABRICATION....356
17.4.1.
Compression Seal Joints ....356
17.4.2.
Joint Seal Assemblies ....356
17.5.
INSTALLATION....356
17.5.1.
General....356
17.5.2.
Compression Seal Joints ....356
17.5.3.
Joint Seal Assemblies....357
17.6.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....357
17.6.1.
Quality Control ....357
17.6.2.
Quality Assurance....357
17.7.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT....357
17.8.
REFERENCES....358
xxvii

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
SECTION 18.
RAILINGS....359
18.1.
GENERAL 359
18.2.
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS....
359
18.2.1.
Steel Railing 359
18.2.1.1.
W-Beam or Thrie-Beam Railing 359
18.2.1.2.
Wire Rope Railing....
359
18.2.1.3.
Pipe Railing....
360
1.
Galvanized Steel Pipe and Fittings 360
2.
Black Steel Pipe and Fittings 360
18.2.1.4.
Welding 360
18.2.1.5.
Finish....
361
18.2.1.6.
Installation....
361
18.2.2.
Aluminum Railing 361
18.2.3.
Metal beam railing 361
18.2.4.
Concrete Railings 362
18.2.5.
Temporary Railing 362
18.2.6.
Railings Accessories and Reinstallation of Railings 362
18.3.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE 363
18.3.1.
Quality Control....363
18.3.2.
Quality Assurance 363
18.4.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 364
18.4.1.
Measurement 364
18.4.2.
Payment 364
18.5.
REFERENCES 367
SECTION 19.
WATERPROOFING....369
19.1.
GENERAL 369
19.1.1.
Waterproofing 369
19.1.2.
Dampproofing 369
19.2.
MATERIALS....369
19.2.1.
Asphalt Membrane Waterproofing Materials....
369
19.2.1.1.
Asphalt 369
19.2.1.2.
Primer 369
19.2.1.3.
Fabric....369
19.2.2.
Preformed Membrane Waterproofing Systems 369
19.2.2.1.
Primer 369
19.2.2.2.
Preformed Membrane Sheet....370
19.2.2.3.
Mastic....371
19.2.3.
Waterproofing Admixtures in Concrete 371
19.2.4.
Miscellaneous Materials....371
19.2.5.
Protective Covers 371
19.2.5.1.
Portland Cement Mortar....371
1.
Cement....372
2.
Fine aggregate....372
3.
Lime 372
4.
Water....372
xxviii

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
19.2.6.
Dampproofing....372
19.2.7.
Inspection and Delivery 372
19.3.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS ....372
19.3.1.
General 372
19.3.2.
Storage of Fabric 373
19.3.3.
Preparation of Surface....373
19.3.4.
Application of Waterproofing and Dampproofing....373
19.3.4.1.
Asphalt Membrane Waterproofing 373
1.
Installation 373
2.
Special Details 374
3.
Damage Patching....374
19.3.4.2.
Preformed Membrane Waterproofing Systems....374
1.
Installation on Bridge Decks 375
2.
Installation on Other Surfaces 376
19.3.4.3.
Dampproofing....376
19.3.5.
Protective Covers....376
19.4.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....376
19.4.1.
Quality Control 377
19.4.2.
Quality Assurance....377
19.5.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 377
19.5.1.
Measurement....377
19.5.2.
Payment....377
19.6.
REFERENCES....379
SECTION 20.
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ....381
20.1.
DESCRIPTION....381
20.1.1.
Definitions....381
20.2.
MATERIALS ....381
20.2.1.
Materials Related to Superstructure....381
20.2.1.1.
Gully and Channel Grates and Frames ....381
20.2.1.2.
Fiberglass Pipe....381
20.2.1.3.
PVC and U-PVC Pipes ....382
20.2.1.4.
Aluminum Pipes ....382
20.2.1.5.
Steel Alloy Pipe for Bridge Storm Drains ....382
20.2.1.6.
Zinc Coating on Steel....382
20.2.1.7.
Castings, Materials and Components for Drainage Structures ....382
20.2.2.
Materials Related to Retaining Systems ....383
20.2.2.1.
Pipe and Perforated Pipe....383
20.2.2.2.
Filter fabric ....383
20.2.2.3.
Permeable Material ....383
20.2.2.4.
Geocomposite Drainage Systems ....383
20.3.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS ....383
20.3.1.
Inlet Frames, Grates, and Scuppers....383
20.3.2.
Steel Alloy Pipe ....383
20.3.3.
Fiberglass Pipe and Fittings ....383
20.3.4.
Concrete Gutters ....384
20.3.5.
Weep Holes....384
20.3.6.
Drainage Blankets....384
xxix

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
20.3.7.
Geocomposite Drainage Systems 385
20.4.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE 385
20.4.1.
Quality Control....
385
20.4.2.
Quality Assurance 385
20.5.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 385
20.5.1.
Measurement 385
20.5.1.1.
Gully Grates and Frames....
385
20.5.1.2.
Bridge Deck Drainage Pipes 385
20.5.1.3.
Subsidiary Work....
386
20.5.2.
Payment 386
20.6.
REFERENCES 388
SECTION 21.
SLOPE PROTECTION ....389
21.1.
GENERAL 389
21.1.1.
Description 389
21.1.2.
Types 389
21.1.2.1.
Riprap....389
21.1.2.2.
Concrete Slope Paving 389
21.1.2.3.
Precast Concrete Slope Paving....389
21.2.
WORKING DRAWINGS....389
21.3.
MATERIALS....390
21.3.1.
Stone materials 390
21.3.2.
Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions) 391
21.3.3.
Filter Fabric 391
21.3.4.
Grout....391
21.3.5.
Sacked Concrete Riprap 391
21.3.6.
Portland Cement Concrete....391
21.3.7.
Expansion Joint filler....391
21.3.8.
Pneumatically Applied Mortar 391
21.3.9.
Precast Portland Cement Concrete Blocks and Shapes 392
21.3.10.
Reinforcing Steel....392
21.3.11.
Geocomposite Drain....392
21.4.
CONSTRUCTION 392
21.4.1.
Preparation of Slopes....392
21.4.2.
Bedding 392
21.4.3.
Filter Fabric 392
21.4.4.
Geocomposite Drain....393
21.4.5.
Hand-Placing Stones 393
21.4.6.
Machine-Placed Stones 393
21.4.6.1.
Dry Placement 393
21.4.6.2.
Underwater Placement 393
21.4.7.
Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions) 394
21.4.7.1.
Fabrication....
394
21.4.7.2.
Installation....
394
21.4.8.
Grouted Riprap....
395
21.4.9.
Sacked Concrete Riprap 395
21.4.10.
Concrete Slope Paving 396
21.4.10.1.
General 396
xxx

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
21.4.10.2.
Cast-in-Place Slope Paving....396
21.4.10.3.
Precast Slope Paving....397
21.5.
WORKS ACCEPTANCE....397
21.5.1.
Quality Control ....397
21.5.2.
Quality Assurance....397
21.6.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT....397
21.6.1.
Measurement....397
21.6.1.1.
Stone Riprap and Filter Blanket....397
21.6.1.2.
Sacked Concrete Riprap....398
21.6.1.3.
Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions)....398
21.6.1.4.
Cast-in-Place Concrete Slope Paving ....398
21.6.1.5.
Precast Concrete Slope Paving ....398
21.6.1.6.
Filter Fabric....398
21.6.2.
Payment....398
21.6.2.1.
General....398
21.6.2.2.
Stone Riprap ....398
21.6.2.3.
Sacked Concrete Riprap....399
21.6.2.4.
Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions)....399
21.6.2.5.
Cast-in-Place Concrete Slope Paving ....399
21.6.2.6.
Precast Concrete Slope Paving ....399
21.6.2.7.
Filter Blanket ....399
21.6.2.8.
Filter Fabric....399
21.6.2.9.
Geocomposite Drain System....399
21.7.
REFERENCES....402
SECTION 22.
MISCELLANEOUS METAL ....
403
22.1.
DESCRIPTION....403
22.2.
MISCELLANEOUS IRON AND STEEL....403
22.3.
MISCELLANEOUS BRIDGE METAL ....405
22.4.
BRIDGE JOINT RESTRAINER UNITS ....408
22.5.
PUMPING PLANT METAL WORK ....410
22.6.
FABRICATION....410
22.7.
GALVANIZING....411
22.8.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT....411
22.8.1.
Measurement....411
22.8.2.
Payment....411
22.9.
REFERENCES....413
SECTION 23.
PNEUMATICALLY APPLIED MORTAR
(SHOTCRETE) 415
23.1.
GENERAL 415
xxxì

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
23.1.1.
Description 415
23.1.2.
Definitions....
415
23.2.
CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS....
415
23.2.1.
General 415
23.2.1.1.
Foreman....416
23.2.1.2.
Nozzle Operator 416
23.2.1.3.
Finisher or Rodman....416
23.2.1.4.
Gun or Pump Operator 416
23.3.
MATERIALS....
416
23.3.1.
Cement (ACI 506R) 416
23.3.2.
Aggregate 416
23.3.2.1.
Normalweight Aggregate 416
23.3.2.2.
Lightweight Aggregates 416
23.3.2.3.
Recovered Rebound 417
23.3.3.
Water 417
23.3.3.1.
Mixing Water 417
23.3.3.2.
Curing Water 417
23.3.4.
Other Materials....
417
23.3.5.
Admixtures 417
23.3.6.
Reinforcement 417
23.3.6.1.
Reinforcing Bars 417
23.3.6.2.
Wire Reinforcement 418
23.3.6.3.
Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement 418
23.3.6.4.
Fiber-Reinforced Shotcrete 418
23.3.6.5.
Prestressing Steel....
418
23.3.6.6.
Other Forms of Steel 418
23.4.
SHOTCRETING PROCESSES....
419
23.4.1.
Dry-Mix Process 419
23.4.2.
Wet-Mix Process 419
23.4.3.
Comparison of the Processes....
419
23.5.
PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES 420
23.5.1.
General 420
23.5.2.
Surface Preparation 420
23.5.2.1.
Steel Surfaces 420
23.5.2.2.
Concrete Surfaces....
420
23.5.2.3.
Masonry Surfaces 421
23.5.2.4.
Rock Surfaces....
421
23.5.2.5.
Earth Surfaces 421
23.5.2.6.
Wood Forms....
422
23.5.3.
Anchors 422
23.5.3.1.
Anchoring to Steel....
422
23.5.3.2.
Anchoring to Concrete, Masonry, or Rock 422
23.5.3.3.
Anchoring to Wood 423
23.5.4.
Protection of Adjacent Surfaces 423
23.6.
PROPORTIONING AND PRECONSTRUCTION TESTING ......
424
23.6.1.
Proportioning of Shotcrete Mixture 424
23.6.2.
General 424
23.6.2.1.
Wet-Mix Process 424
23.6.2.2.
Dry-Mix Process 424
1.
Aggregate Proportion....424
2.
Mixture Proportions....425
23.6.3.
Preconstruction Testing....425
xxxii

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
23.6.3.1.
Field trials 425
23.6.3.2.
Coring 426
23.6.3.3.
Testing of Cores....426
23.6.3.4.
Mix Design Acceptance 426
23.7.
PLACEMENT OF PNEUMATICALLY APPLIED MORTAR 426
23.7.1.
Placement of Reinforcement....426
23.7.2.
Placement of Mortar 427
23.7.3.
Finishing 428
23.7.4.
Weather Limitations....428
23.7.4.1.
Hot-Weather Shotcreting 428
23.7.4.2.
Cold-Weather Shotcreting 429
23.8.
CURING AND PROTECTING....429
23.9.
QUALITY CONTROL....429
23.9.1.
Materials 429
23.9.2.
Placement Techniques....430
23.9.3.
Inspection....430
23.9.4.
Testing Procedures....430
23.10.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 430
23.10.1.
Measurement....430
23.10.2.
Payment....431
23.11.
REFERENCES....433
SECTION 24.
TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION......435
24.1.
SCOPE 435
24.1.1.
Description....435
24.1.2.
Definitions....435
24.2.
REFERENCE STANDARDS....436
24.2.1.
Standards....436
24.3.
SUBMISSIONS 436
24.3.1.
Methods of Construction....436
24.3.2.
Design Calculations ....437
24.4.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 437
24.4.1.
General....437
24.4.2.
Safety General....437
24.4.3.
Compressed Air Working 439
24.4.4.
Explosives 439
24.4.5.
Water....440
24.4.6.
Ventilation....440
24.4.6.1.
Method of Ventilation....441
24.4.6.2.
Testing of Air....441
24.4.7.
Control of Dust 442
24.5.
EXCAVATION 442
24.5.1.
General....442
24.5.2.
Passing Bays 443
24.5.3.
Temporary Shafts, Adits or Tunnels for Access 443
24.5.4.
Disposal of Excavated Material 444
xxxiii

Bridges Construction Specifications
MOMRA
24.5.5.
Excavation for Bolted Ring Tunnels in Soft Ground 444
24.5.6.
Excavation through Weak Weathered Rock 444
24.5.7.
Excavation through Generally Prevailing Rock 445
24.5.8.
Shaft and Tunnel Excavation Records in Rock 446
24.5.9.
Shaft and Tunnel Excavation Records in Soft Ground 447
24.6.
SUPPORTS 447
24.6.1.
Bolted Concrete Rings....
447
24.6.1.1.
Erection of Bolted Ring....
448
24.6.2.
Steel Supports....
448
24.6.2.1.
Materials for Steel Supports 449
24.6.2.2.
Installation of Steel Supports and Lagging 449
24.6.3.
Rock Bolting 451
24.6.3.1.
General 451
24.6.3.2.
Materials....
452
1.
Steel for Rock Bolts and Dowels 452
2.
Types of Rock Bolts and Dowels....
452
3.
Cement Grouts for Rock Bolts and Dowels....
453
4.
Resin Grouts for Rock Bolts and Dowels 453
24.6.3.3.
Installation....
454
24.6.3.4.
Ungrouted Installation....
455
24.6.3.5.
Resin Grouted Bolts 456
24.6.3.6.
Cement Grouted Rock Bolts 456
24.6.3.7.
Steel Dowels....
456
24.6.3.8.
Spacing Rock Bolts 456
24.6.3.9.
Testing of Rock Bolts....
457
1.
Standard Pull-Out Tests 457
2.
Tensile Tests 457
24.6.4.
Shotcrete Support 457
24.7.
GROUTING WORKS 459
24.7.1.
General 459
24.7.2.
Equipment for Cavity Grouting....
459
24.7.3.
Equipment for Fissure Grouting....
460
24.7.4.
Materials for Cement Grout 460
24.7.4.1.
Cement 460
24.7.4.2.
Bentonite 460
24.7.4.3.
Water 460
24.7.4.4.
Filler 461
24.7.5.
Cavity Grouting of Precast Concrete Tunnel Linings 461
24.7.6.
Secondary Grouting of Tunnel Rings....
461
24.7.7.
Contact Grouting 462
24.7.8.
Fissure Grouting Procedure....
463
24.7.8.1.
Equipment for Chemical Grouting....464
24.7.9.
Procedure of Chemical Grouting....464
24.7.10.
Documentation 464
24.8.
IN SITU CONCRETE LINING 465
24.8.1.
Preparation for Concrete Lining....
465
24.8.2.
Placing Concrete 465
24.8.3.
Concrete in Tunnel Inverts 465
24.8.4.
Formwork to Tunnel and Shaft Lining....
465
24.8.4.1.
Construction Joints....
466
24.8.5.
Filling Over-break 466
24.8.6.
Drilling and Grouting 466
24.9.
THE METAL LINING 466
xxxiv

MOMRA
Bridges Construction Specifications
24.9.1.
General 466
24.9.2.
Internal protection....467
24.9.3.
Outside protection....467
24.9.4.
Shipping and packaging and storage....467
24.9.5.
Exposure 467
24.9.6.
The Situation....467
24.9.7.
Welded Joints....468
24.9.8.
Examination of welded joints 468
24.9.9.
Injection Arrangements....468
24.10.
MAJOR TUNNELING EQUIPMENT AND THEIR SPECIFIC USES ......468
24.10.

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