مجلد 1. الإرشادات العامة والمعلومات

gaca_gov_sa · guide · processed · 104 chunks

GACA
اللغه العربيه للطيبان المضني
General Authority of Civil Aviation
[Non-Text]
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE AND INFORMATION
CHAPTER 1. HANDBOOK PURPOSE, USE AND TERMINOLOGY
Section 1. General Handbook Information 3
Section 2. Writing Principles for GACA Aviation Standards Regulatory Documents 6
CHAPTER 2. THE GENERAL AUTHORITY OF CIVIL AVIATION (GACA) HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITIES
Section 1. History and Organization of the General Authority of Civil Aviation……16 (GACA)
Section 2. The Aviation Safety Legislative Framework for Civil Aviation in KSA 21
Section 3. Safety Responsibilities of the State 25
Section 4. ICAO Overview 28
Section 5. ICAO Objectives 29
Section 6. ICAO Regional Plans and Aeronautical Information Publications …… 36
Section 7. Management of ICAO State Letters 37
Section 8. Management of ICAO Differences 42
Section 9. Management of FAA Regulations & Guidance Materials Updates …… 49
Section 10. General Rulemaking Procedure 52
Section 11. GACA Advisory Circulars 58
Section 12. GACA Safety Bulletins 60
Section 13. Soliciting Public Comments on Regulatory Amendments 63
Section 14. Announcement of, and Subscriptions to Aviation Standards Regulatory… 65
Amendments Updates
Section 15. Awareness of GACA Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability……67
Regulatory Updates
CHAPTER 3. INSPECTOR RESPONSIBILITIES AND ADMINISTRATION
Section 1. Aviation Safety Inspectors Responsibilities 69
Section 2. Inspector Ethics and Conduct 70
Section 3. Access to Aerodromes and Other Areas 74
Section 4. Inspector Training Requirements to Perform Job Functions 75
Section 5. Inspector's Accessibility to the ICAO-NET Secure Site 76
Section 6. Departmental Responsibilities over the GACAR Parts 79
Section 7. Regulatory Communication and Engagement Policy (RCEP) 86
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GACA
العامه للطيران المضي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
CHAPTER 4. THE GENERIC APPROVAL OR ACCEPTANCE PROCESS FOR SPECIFIC OPERATIONS, PROGRAMS AND DOCUMENTS
Section 1. General Information and the Approval or Acceptance Process ......90
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GACA
اللغه العربيه للطيران المحلي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
CHAPTER 1. HANDBOOK PURPOSE, USE AND TERMINOLOGY
Section 1. General Handbook Information
1.1.1.1. Purpose.
A. This manual contains the GACARs Implementing Policies, Processes, and Procedures and directs the activities of General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) aviation safety inspectors, engineers, and specialists responsible for the certification, technical administration, surveillance, compliance enforcement and the resolution of identified safety concerns of all aircraft, airmen, air operators, air agencies, aerodromes, air navigation service providers and many other aviation activities conducted in accordance with the applicable parts of the General Authority of Civil Aviation Regulations (GACARs).
B. This manual also, provides the required information to all regulated entities under the GACA Aviation Safety Regulations (GACARs) on the GACARs implementation policies, processes, and procedures that are applied to those entities by GACA Inspectors, engineers, and specialists.
C. This manual contains mandatory policies and procedures guidance for inspectors, engineers, and specialists. All inspectors, engineers, and specialists will be expected to follow the mandatory policies and procedures unless otherwise authorized by the President. If the guidance in this manual conflicts with the GACAR, the GACAR takes precedence. Inspectors should refer questions about such conflicts to their immediate supervisors.
D. This manual also provides direction for tasks related to aircraft accidents and incidents, investigations, the State Safety Program, administrative areas, and miscellaneous tasks not related to a specific regulation.
E. In addition, it contains requirements for other Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Sector personnel performing duties in the support of Inspectors.
1.1.1.3. Standardization and Coordination.
A major objective of the GACA Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Sector is to standardize the functions of the Inspector, Engineer, and Specialist positions. For this reason, any change to this manual must be in accordance with the approved Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability revision process.
A. Deviations from this Manual. Inspectors, engineers, or specialists who find that specific requirements in this manual do not apply to a specific case, should forward a request, through their supervisor/manager, to the Executive Vice President (EVP) of the Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability for permission to deviate from the requirements. The request should specify the alternate means that will be used to meet the intent of the guidance or procedures from which he wishes to deviate from. The EVP will assess the deviation request and either accept or deny the request. The EVP decisions will be communicated to the General Manager of the affected Department via a signed memo.
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العلانيه للطبيه وال меди
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
B. Authority to Change This Document. The Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Executive Vice President or his delegates must approve all changes to this manual. Prior to any change, the EVP may appoint a review committee to study all proposed changes. The committee will study the proposed changes and provide the EVP with recommended action.
C. Conflicts with Other GACA Guidance. The guidance in this manual may conflict with guidance previously issued by GACA in other policy documents and directives. This situation may arise inadvertently or because it is impractical to revise all orders simultaneously. In such a case, use the guidance with the most recent date. If the guidance in this manual conflicts with the GACAR, the GACAR takes precedence. Inspectors should refer questions about such conflicts to their immediate supervisors.
D. Availability of this Manual. This manual is available to both GACA personnel and to individuals outside the GACA. Inspectors should advise operators and other service providers of the availability of this Manual.
1.1.1.5. Manual Revisions.
NOTE: Individuals at all levels of the GACA Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability and individuals in the aviation industry are encouraged to make suggestions for revisions to the manual.
A. Policy Questions or Concerns. Questions or concerns regarding policy issues that cannot be resolved by the applicable General Manager must be coordinated with the EVP. In that situation the General Manager should contact the EVP and provide complete details regarding the issue or concerns, including reasons why he is not able to resolve the issue or concern.
B. Manual Revision Process. The Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability revision process is coordinated and managed by the Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Regulations & Standards Department under the authority of the Executive Vice President Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability. The need for a revision may become evident when a change occurs in the aviation industry, within the GACAR, the GACA organization, GACA policies or changes in the global civil aviation domain. The revision process follows the following steps:
1- The EVP issues instructions for the revision with the assignment to the appropriate Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability personnel to develop and prepare the required revision.
2- Review and Notification. The Regulations & Standards Department is the custodian of this manual. The Regulations & Standards Department (in coordination with the EVP) will review and consider all questions, concerns, or suggestions submitted. The Regulations & Standards Department will acknowledge receipt of each suggestion.
3- The Regulations & Standards Department coordinates and manages the preparation of the required revision, then prepares the standard GACA eBook Amendment Docket (GACA_EBOOK_F-002).
4- The GACA eBook Amendment Docket is then raised to the Executive Vice President Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability for evaluation and EVP approval.
C. Presentation of Changes. Each revision to a volume of this manual results in the version being indexed upward by one. The version of each volume is noted in the document footer (when printed) and in the volume title as read online. A LOG OF VERSIONS is maintained that can be used to track all of the current and prior versions to each volume of the manual. A SUMMARY OF CHANGES is also maintained that provides a brief explanation of all the changes of the
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الحياء للعلوم والطبيه
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
manual.
1.1.1.7. Directive and Guidance Information.
A. Directive Information. Directive information is information considered directive in nature, contains terms such as "shall," "will," or "must," and means the actions are mandatory. "Shall not" prohibits the action. The use of these terms will leave no flexibility, and Inspectors must follow their direction unless otherwise authorized by the EVP.
B. Guidance Information. Guidance information is information considered guiding in nature and will contain terms such as "should" or "may." These terms indicate actions that are desirable, permissive, or not mandatory, and allow flexibility.
C. The Use of FAA and ICAO Guidance Material Incorporated by Reference. In certain specified circumstances, guidance information published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is incorporated by reference in this manual. The FAA guidance information may contain references to the FAA organization structure and regulatory structure that are not applicable in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In general, when FAA guidance material is incorporated by reference, Inspectors should follow the technical content presented. Content referring to FAA procedures, processes and databases that are clearly not applicable in the KSA should generally be ignored. If Inspectors are unsure of how to proceed, they should consult with their supervisor. The ICAO guidance information is generally sufficiently general in nature that it is applicable to any State but if Inspectors are unsure of how to proceed, they should consult with their supervision.
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GACA
العامه للطبيعات المحلي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE AND INFORMATION
Section 2. Writing Principles for GACA Aviation Standards Regulatory Documents
1.1.2.1. PURPOSE. The purpose of this section is to stipulate the writing principles for GACA Aviation Standards regulatory documents. Such documents include, but not limited to the GACARs, GACA eBooks, Advisory Circulars (GACA-ACs), and Safety Bulletins (GACA-SBs).
1.1.2.3. GENERAL. The drafter of GACA regulatory documents needs to be clear and concise when writing such documents. This is important because all aviation service provides are expected to align with these provisions. If they can't understand what is written, it could lead to confusion which can lead to inconsistent implementation, inefficiency, and risk.
Writing in plain language does not mean “dumbing down” the provisions. It means writing in clear, concise, and easy to understand language. It is often more difficult to express provisions in this manner because some provisions are necessarily complex. Although there are several simple techniques to make your writing clear and effective. This section describes the most critical ones. You must follow them when writing GACA related documents.
This document contains the following principles that should be used when writing GACA Aviation Standards regulatory documents:
1. Organize your document.
2. Clarify the Primary intent of a provision.
3. Write informative headings.
4. Introduce each paragraph with a topic sentence.
5. Write in the Active Voice.
6. Use of Verbs.
7. Avoid unnecessary qualifiers.
8. Be Consistent.
9. Be Positive.
10. Use consistent grammatical structures.
11. Use Short, Simple Words.
12. Write Short Sentences.
13. Write Short Paragraphs.
14. Avoid dense text and complex instructions.
15. Use of Brackets.
16. Use of the Forward Slash
17. Avoid Noun Clusters.
18. Use of Numbers and Symbols.
19. Use gender-free language.
20. Use of digits.
21. Use of more than one unit of measure.
22. Use of Singular vs. Plural.
23. Use of Means and Includes.
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GACA
الحيه العامه للطيبان المحلي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
24. Use of Abbreviations and Acronyms.
25. Use of quotation marks.
26. Use of figures.
1.1.2.5. WRITING PRINCIPLES FOR GACA REGULATORY DOCUMENTS.
1- Organize your document.
The key to clear writing is to present material in the order that is most useful to the reader. If your document deals with a process, organize it chronologically, first step to last. You can also organize documents by putting the most important points first and the minor ones at the end. Put standard provisions first and exceptions last. Sometimes a combination of these organizational methods is useful. Whichever method you use, keep your reader in mind and be consistent. Ask yourself, “What will help my reader understand and follow my document?”
2- Clarify the Primary intent of a provision.
Be clear about the primary intent of a provision. For example, if the intent is to ensure an operator carries out specific checks, it is better to write “The operator must carry out checks…” rather than “The operator must establish procedures to carry out checks…” The former focuses on the intent of the provision, while the latter focuses on the need to establish procedures. While the operator does need to establish the necessary procedures in order to carry out the checks, the second formulation detracts from the primary intent of the provision. It should be implicitly understood that procedures will need to be established for the checks to be carried out properly.
3- Write informative headings.
Most documents benefit from headings. However, it’s important that you use useful headings. After good organization and active voice, informative headings are the most helpful way to guide readers through your document. Your reader should be able to decide, based on the heading, if they need to read a paragraph. Don't waste a reader's time by using headings that are not informative, such as "general" or "transfer" or "training." Instead, headings should give the reader a synopsis of what information follows, such as "General Information about Markings" and "Transferring Responsibility for Maintaining an Aircraft." Since most readers come to our documents with questions in mind, headings in the form of questions are often the most effective way to direct the reader to information he or she wants to find, such as "How many hours of training must I have?"
4- Introduce each paragraph with a topic sentence.
A topic sentence ensures that each paragraph is cohesive. It should capture the essence of what's in the entire paragraph. The rest of the paragraph supports and expands on the topic sentence. A reader should be able to follow the basic points of your document by skimming the topic sentences.
5- Write in the Active Voice.
Active voice makes it clear who is supposed to do what.
It eliminates ambiguity about responsibilities. In an active sentence, the person or agency that is acting is the subject of the sentence. By contrast, passive voice obscure who is responsible for what. Interpretation and translation are made more difficult. In a passive sentence, the person or item that is acted upon is the subject of the sentence. Passive sentences often do not identify who is performing the action.
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GACA
العليه العامه للطيران المحني
General Authority of Civil Aviation
[Non-Text]
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
<table><tr><td>Do not write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>The Hunt for Red October was written by Tom Clancy.</td><td>Tom Clancy wrote The Hunt for Red October</td></tr><tr><td>The report must be submitted within ten days.</td><td>The operator must submit the report within ten days.</td></tr></table>
There may however be instances where active voice may convey the incorrect intent.
For example, the active voice of the provision —The procedure should be approved by the regulator \( ^{1} \) would be —The regulator should approve the procedure \( ^{1} \). Although not intended, the active voice could be read as the regulator being obliged to approve the procedure. So, while active voice is preferred, sometimes the use of passive voice may be appropriate.
6- Use of Verbs.
The simplest and strongest form of a verb is present tense. The use of conditional or future tense makes it harder for the reader to understand your meaning.
Avoid hidden verbs. A hidden verb is a verb converted into a noun. Hidden verbs add length and weaken sentences. The simple present tense is the strongest way to write.
Hidden verbs come in two forms. Some have endings such as -ment, -tion, -sion, and -ance or link with verbs such as achieve, effect, give, have, make, reach, and take.
Here are some examples of hidden verbs and how to make sentences clearer and stronger.
<table><tr><td>Don’t write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>...make an application for...</td><td>...apply for...</td></tr><tr><td>...carry out a review of...</td><td>...review...</td></tr><tr><td>The inspector will carry out a review of the company&#x27;s programs</td><td>The inspector will review the company&#x27;s programs.</td></tr><tr><td>This plan assists in the management of</td><td>This plan manages . . .</td></tr><tr><td>To determine part life, make a calculation of the</td><td>To determine part life, calculate</td></tr></table>
The editing practices used in writing GACA documents are as follows:
- ‘Must’ indicates a mandatory requirement and you use it when writing GACARs.
- ‘Should’ is used to indicate a recommendation so use it when writing guidance material such as the eBooks or the advisory circulars.
- ‘May’ is used to indicate discretion by the Authority, the industry or the applicant, as appropriate.
Do not use phrases such as “where applicable”, “where appropriate”, “when necessary” or “where adequate” when using
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GACA
العليه العامه للطيران المدن
General Authority of Civil Aviation
[Non-Text]
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
“must” as it creates confusion as to whether or not the standard applies.
<table><tr><td>Don’t write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>Application of the ADS-C climb and descend procedure requires ongoing monitoring.</td><td>The air traffic service unit must monitor continuously the application of the ADS-C climb and descend procedure.</td></tr><tr><td>The pilot must be informed, when appropriate, what the vector is to accomplish and the limit of the vector must be specified.Add a Note explaining when the above Recommended Practice may not be appropriate.</td><td>The air traffic service unit must inform the pilot what the vector is to accomplish and the limit of the vector.Add a Note explaining when the above Recommended Practice may not be appropriate.</td></tr></table>
“May” means something is permitted but not required. If an obligation applies only under specified conditions, the Standard must contain subsidiary statements specifying precisely those conditions. For subsidiary statements verbs such as “may” and “need not” can be used.
[Examples:]
[Standard] Each State must establish, at aerodromes in its territory, such aeronautical meteorological stations as it determines to be necessary. An aeronautical meteorological station may be a separate station or may be combined with a synoptic station.
[Recommendation] The notification to the aerodrome meteorological office of individual flights should contain the following information except that, in the case of scheduled flights, the requirement for some or all of this information may be waived by agreement between the aerodrome meteorological office and the operator:
a)
b)
[Standard] The operator must ensure that pilots-in-command have available on board the aeroplane all the essential information concerning the search and rescue services in the area over which the aeroplane will be flown.
Note. — This information may be made available to the pilot by means of the operations manual or such other means as is considered appropriate.
7- Avoid Unnecessary qualifiers.
Unnecessary qualifiers add no additional meaning to a sentence. The classic example from everyday language is "very dead." Here's some examples we see in some writing:
Their claim was totally unrealistic
We are completely convinced
It is definitely worth explaining
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العلانيه العامه للطيبان المضي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
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EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
Work in partnership with
Additional requirements needed to provide a level of safety Maintain successful bilateral agreements
8- Be Consistent.
Don’t use different words to say the same thing. Avoid variation for the sake of variation. Repeating the precise term might seem boring but readers, and interpreters will appreciate the consistency. In Regulations drafting, care is often taken to ensure consistency in the use of terms. If different terms are used readers may conclude that GACA intends for the terms to have different meanings.
9- Be Positive.
If the idea can be expressed either positively or negatively, express it positively.
<table><tr><td>Don’t write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>A ground system which is not part of the normal control or guidance system</td><td>A ground system which is independent of the normal control or guidance system</td></tr></table>
When you write a sentence containing two negatives, they cancel each other out.
Avoid such double negatives wherever possible. They can be difficult to understand and to translate.
<table><tr><td>Don’t write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>It is not impossible</td><td>It is possible</td></tr></table>
10- Use consistent grammatical structures
Use consistent grammatical structures so that parallel ideas look parallel.
<table><tr><td>Don’t write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>Writing good standards requires you to plan carefully, write several drafts, and revision.</td><td>Writing good standards requires you to plan carefully, write several drafts, and revise your work.</td></tr></table>
11- Use Short, Simple Words.
Given a choice between a fancy word and a simple word, choose the simple word. Prefer the short word to the long word. Excess or elaborate words make your writing weaker. Here are some examples of excess words in our writing and plain alternatives:
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العامه للطيران المدني
General Authority of Civil Aviation
[Non-Text]
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
<table><tr><td>Excess words</td><td>Plain Alternatives</td></tr><tr><td>accordingly,</td><td>so</td></tr><tr><td>addressees</td><td>you</td></tr><tr><td>as a means of</td><td>to</td></tr><tr><td>as prescribed by</td><td>in, under</td></tr><tr><td>assist, assistance</td><td>aid, help</td></tr><tr><td>at a later date</td><td>later</td></tr><tr><td>at the present time</td><td>now</td></tr><tr><td>commence</td><td>begin, start</td></tr><tr><td>constitutes</td><td>forms, makes up</td></tr><tr><td>facilitate</td><td>help</td></tr><tr><td>for the purpose of</td><td>to, for</td></tr><tr><td>heretofore</td><td>until now</td></tr><tr><td>implement</td><td>start, carry out</td></tr><tr><td>in accordance with</td><td>under</td></tr><tr><td>in order to</td><td>to</td></tr><tr><td>in the event that</td><td>if</td></tr><tr><td>initiate</td><td>begin, start</td></tr><tr><td>obtain</td><td>get, gain</td></tr><tr><td>on a monthly basis</td><td>monthly</td></tr><tr><td>pertaining to</td><td>of, about</td></tr><tr><td>provide</td><td>give</td></tr><tr><td>related to</td><td>of</td></tr><tr><td>so as to</td><td>to</td></tr><tr><td>such that</td><td>so</td></tr><tr><td>should it appear that</td><td>if</td></tr><tr><td>with regard to</td><td>about</td></tr></table>
12- Write Short Sentences.
The more complex the sentence, the harder it is to understand. Divide long sentences into short sentences. State only one idea or requirement in each sentence. Remove unnecessary words. Your average sentence length should be 20 words or fewer. Use a list instead of running items together in a long sentence, and apply the 20-word rule to each item in the list. You rarely need a sentence over 40 words long.
It's easy for readers to get lost in run-on sentences. Vertical lists are quicker and easier for readers to follow and are an ideal way to explain a series of facts.
[Example]
Along with your letter of application, submit a statement of conformance certifying that you have met the requirements of Subpart O of part 21 and that the article meets the TSO in effect on the date of your application; one copy of the data the TSO requires; and a description of your quality control system.
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الطبيه العامه للطبیان المحدي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
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EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
Or, presented as a list:
With your letter of application, send us the following:
(1) A statement of conformance certifying that you have met the requirements of Subpart O of Part 21 and that the article meets the TSO in effect on the date of your application;
(2) One copy of the data the TSO requires; and
(3) A description of your quality control system.
If only one or two simple conditions must be met before a requirement applies, state the conditions first and then the requirement. If several complex conditions must be met before a requirement applies, state the requirement first and then state the conditions.
[Examples]
<table><tr><td>Simple conditions to be met</td><td>Standard: When rapidly changing meteorological conditions make it inadvisable to include a weather report in the ATIS, the ATIS message must indicate that.</td></tr><tr><td>Several complex conditions must be met before a requirement applies</td><td>Standard: An upper limit of a control areas must be established when:air traffic control service will not be provided above such upper limit; or the control area is situated below an upper control area, in which case the upper limit must coincide with the lower limit of the upper control area.When established, such upper limit must coincide with a VFR cruising level of the tables in Appendix 3 to Annex 2.</td></tr></table>
13- Write Short Paragraphs.
Each paragraph should address a single topic. Putting each topic in a separate paragraph makes your information easier to digest. If a paragraph is comprised of a complex process or series of requirements, consider breaking it down into steps.
14- Avoid dense text and complex instructions.
Dense text and complex instructions are clearer in “if-then” tables. Tables help your reader find what’s important to them and see relationships in a way they can’t grasp from dense text.
[Examples]
Compare the text and table versions of the following material:
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General Authority of Civil Aviation
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Text format without table:
We must receive your completed application form on or before the 15th day of the second month following the month you are reporting if you do not submit your application electronically or the 25th day of the second month following the month you are reporting if you submit your application electronically.
Same Text with Table:
We must receive your completed application form on or before the following dates:
<table><tr><td>If you submit your form...</td><td>[then] We must receive it not later than...</td></tr><tr><td>Electronically</td><td>the 25th day of the second month following the month you are reporting.</td></tr><tr><td>other than electronically</td><td>the 15th day of the second month following the month you are reporting</td></tr></table>
15- Use of Brackets.
Brackets are used in provisions to indicate acronyms when they first appear, such as General Authority of Civil Aviation Regulation (GACARs). When developing provisions, limit the use of brackets unless they are needed for mathematical expressions. Provisions that use mathematical expressions will use brackets as they are required in mathematics.
16- Use of the Forward Slash.
The forward slash is used frequently in English, but its meaning is not always clear. It is difficult to translate and it can lead to provisions that are not clear. It can mean either and it can mean both. If the forward slash can be avoided, then do so. Avoid the use of the phrase “and/or”.
17- Avoid Noun Clusters.
Groups of nouns clustered together are difficult to understand. three or more nouns “sandwiched” together. Noun sandwiches confuse and bore readers. Use prepositions and articles to clarify the relationship among the words.
<table><tr><td>Don’t write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>Safety management systems voluntary reporting procedures development.</td><td>Development of voluntary reporting procedures in safety management systems.</td></tr><tr><td>“Drug testing and alcohol misuse prevention regulations.”</td><td>“Regulations about drug testing and preventing alcohol misuse.”</td></tr></table>
18- Use of Numbers and Symbols.
Write out numbers from zero to ten. Use Arabic numerals for numbers from 11 onwards. If a section of text contains numbers above and below ten, choose one form of expressing numbers, generally the numerical form. If a sentence begins with a number, write out the number or rewrite the sentence so that the number does not come first. Use a space to separate digits into groups of three.
19- Use gender-free language.
Avoid using “generic” pronouns such as “he”, “she” or “he/she”. Instead, be specific. If you mean pilot, write pilot. If you
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GACA
الحياء للعلوم والطبيه
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
mean mechanic, write mechanic.
20- Use of digits.
Digits in GACAR provisions must be unambiguous as to the intended accuracy. This is equally important to those who will apply the requirements and to those who will do the oversight. Make it clear what accuracy is intended. This may sound obvious but consider the following.
If you write 3 % it can be correctly interpreted as anything from 2.5 to 3.4%. The concept of “significant digits” is helpful in understanding accuracy. If you write 3 % you have used one significant digit, which leads to the interpretation mentioned above. If you write 3.0 %, you have used two significant digits and the interpretation is limited to 2.95 – 3.04 %. If you write 3.00%, you have used three significant digits and the accuracy is increased accordingly.
If you write 200 or 5000, this may be considered as only having one significant digit, i.e., it is unclear how exact this number is and what was intended. If in a GACAR it is stated “not more than 20%”, this can be perceived by many as not allowing 20.0001% but is that the intention?
How can you make it clear how many significant digits, and thereby what accuracy, you have intended? There are in fact many ways to do this in addition to the use of decimals as given above.
The context may show the number of significant digits, i.e., 185 – 200 will be understood as having three significant digits. The use of tables also gives a clear indication of the intended accuracy. For example, if the first row of a table contains a range like 200 - 209 and the next 210 – 219, it is clear that three significant digits are intended. Another way is to specifically state the tolerance, e.g., 200 m +/- 1% or in absolute terms, e.g., 200 m +/- 2.
Be clear what accuracy is intended based on your opinion of what accuracy is reasonable for the intended application. Finally, you must make sure that the required accuracy is stated unless the context or other circumstances makes the accuracy obvious.
21- Use of more than one unit of measure.
When expressing digits in more than one unit for the same purpose, such as meters and feet or km/h and knots, keep these points in mind:
a) Be as accurate as it is reasonable considering the intended use and the conditions below;
b) If the conversion between units is to be used in an operational environment you must ensure that the respective units are operationally usable, e.g., feet/meters for visibility requirements or for altitudes/flight levels;
c) Maintain the accuracy that is intended with the regulation (e.g., +/- 1 meter or +/- 3 ft);
d) Be consistent within the document and if possible, also with other documents
22- Use of Singular vs. Plural.
Use the singular rather than the plural form. The singular includes the plural and is simpler and clearer.
<table><tr><td>Don’t write</td><td>But write</td></tr><tr><td>Vehicle drivers must not cross red lights</td><td>A vehicle driver must not cross a red light</td></tr></table>
Singular words may apply to organizations, operators, service providers, persons or things as well as to one organization, operator, service provider, person or thing. It is better form and easier to draft a provision in the singular, unless the plural is exclusively intended or unless it is necessary to make it clear that something applies in the aggregate or to avoid the unintended implication that every person with specified qualifications is entitled to a grant or other benefit.
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23-Use of “Means” and “Includes”.
The basic distinction between these two terms is that “means” is exclusive while “include” is not. For example, if a definition says that “the term X means A, B and C” then X means only A, B and C, and nothing else. If the definition says that “the term X includes A, B and C” then X must include A, B and C but it may also include D or E.
24- Use of Abbreviations and Acronyms.
Limit initials, abbreviations, and acronyms. You can use a short form for the main topic of your document. For example, if the document is about the Coordinated Operational Approval Process, write it out the first time and in parenthesis type the abbreviation (COAP). Use the abbreviation throughout the document. Since that's what your document is about, it's unlikely to confuse your reader. But don't also use abbreviations for several other ideas in the same document. Either write out the full name or use a short form of the name (for example, call an Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee "the Committee," not ARAC) that will help your reader remember what you're talking about. If you use a term only a few times, write it out every time.
25- Use of quotation marks.
Use of quotation marks for direct quotations or to set off ordinary words used to mean something other than what they normally mean. Do not use quotation marks to enclose titles of chapters, sections, or paragraphs. Indent long quotes from both margins, without quotation marks.
26-Use of figures.
Figures such as charts, tables, and other illustrative material as examples to explain complex material. Mention or introduce every figure in the text before it occurs and place the figure close to the text that explains it. Try to limit figures to one page. For figures that extend to more than one page, repeat the name and figure number on each page. Make sure all figures have informative headings.
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العلانيه ملكيه للطيران المحلي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
CHAPTER 2. THE GENERAL AUTHORITY OF CIVIL AVIATION (GACA) HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITIES
Section 1. History and Organization of the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA)
1.2.1.1. Early Aviation Regulatory Authority and Responsibilities.
A. History. The need for an aviation regulatory authority was recognized in 1953 when Royal Decree Number 17/2/22/3481, dated June 8, 1953, was issued. In response to that decree, the Minister of Defense and the Aviation and Inspector General issued a directive to the President of Civil Aviation. The Ministerial Directive required that the Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Department temporarily adopt the United States (U.S.) Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) until such time as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's Civil Aviation Regulations could be formalized. The President of Civil Aviation was directed to enforce the directive. The President then issued a similar directive which mandated the use of the FAR's and internal guidance documents from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) until such time as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's (KSA) regulations and guidance material were implemented in March, 2016.
B. Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). A short while after the Royal Decree was issued in 1953, the DGCA, Saudi Arabian Airlines and the Meteorology Department separated from Royal Saudi Air Force. The DGCA continued as the responsible entity for the country's civil aviation business until 1977 when the official agency name was changed from DGCA to Presidency of Civil Aviation (P CA). In 2001, a new formal Ministerial directive was issued to the PCA directing that the agency formally adopts the U.S. FAA regulations as the aviation regulations of KSA.
C. 2005 Royal Decree. The Civil Aviation Law issued August 23, 2005, was enacted to establish the Sovereignty and Powers of the Kingdom in regard to all aviation matters including licensing, certification and air navigation. This law directs all Civil Aviation activities and operations within the territory of the KSA and it changed the agency name from PCA to General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA).
1.2.1.3. Establishment of the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA).
A. GACA. During the period from 1953, when the Royal Decree was in force, until 2005, the world witnessed a rapid growth of air commerce, aviation technology, and an increasing public demand for air services. This growth caused the industry to reach unforeseen levels of complexity in both operations and air traffic. On August 23, 2005, a new Civil Aviation Law was enacted. Prior to that law the PCA regulated the aviation industry in the KSA using FAA rules and guidance material. The new law recognized that GACA could not efficiently or adequately fulfill its responsibilities using a foreign regulatory structure and guidance system that could not fully meet its needs as a regulatory agency. Although the GACA continued to use the regulatory structure of the FAA, it took positive steps to develop its own guidance and regulatory structure. This handbook is part of the structural redesign of both the regulations and guidance material used by the KSA.
B. GACA Established. The Council of Ministers Order No. 33, dated 1 1/2/1426H (22 March 2005), established
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GACA. The GACA includes a Board of Directors which is headed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors.
C. The Civil Aviation Law. Article 5 of the Civil Aviation Law stipulates that "The Authority shall be solely in charge of all civil aviation affairs in the Kingdom, including undertaking all telecommunications services related to aviation safety and air traffic regularity". Article 179 of the Civil Aviation Law stipulates that "The Board of Directors shall issue the Implementing Regulations and decisions necessary for the implementation of the provisions of this Law." To keep the operating Regulations relevant and appropriate to the development of civil aviation, the Chairman of the Board of Directors has delegated the GACA President the authority to approve these Regulations in accordance with Order No .T-41, dated 30/12/1429H (28 /12/2008 G). see Table 1.2.1.1 for the history of aviation in the KSA.
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Table 1.2.1.1. History of Aviation in the KSA
<table><tr><td>Year</td><td>Event</td><td>Agency Responsible for Civil Aviation</td><td>Regulations</td></tr><tr><td>1934</td><td>Debut of civil aviation in KSA-desert runway established near Jubail to support oil exploration activities.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1945</td><td>US President Franklin Roosevelt presented a Douglas DC-3 airplane to King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud. It was quickly put in service to transport passengers and mail between Jeddah, Riyadh and Dhahran. Two other aircraft of the same model were added at a later stage.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1946</td><td>Saudi Arabian Airlines was formed.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1953</td><td>First Civil Aviation Rule issued by Royal Decree No. 17/2/22/3481</td><td>CAD</td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>Pre 1953</td><td>Royal Saudi Air Force, Civil Aviation Department (CAD), Saudi Arabian Airlines and Meteorology Department were all one organization.</td><td>CAD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1953</td><td>Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Saudi Arabian Airlines and Meteorology Department separated from Ro al Saudi Air force.</td><td>DGCA</td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>1960</td><td>Saudi Arabian Airlines separated from DGCA.</td><td>DGCA</td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>1966</td><td>Meteorology Department separated from DGCA.</td><td>DGCA</td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>1977</td><td>Agency name changed from DGCA to Presidency of Civil Aviation PCA</td><td>PCA</td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td>Directive issued from President of PCA to adopt U.S. FARs.</td><td>PCA</td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>Ministerial Directive Order No. 1/1/4/5202 dated 15/6/1422H formally directed PCA to ado t U.S. FARs.</td><td>PCA</td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>Agency name changed from PCA to GACA.</td><td></td><td>U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>Royal Decree M/44 dated 18/7/1426H formally enacts the Civil Aviation Law.</td><td>GACA</td><td>Civil Aviation Law &amp; U.S. FARs</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>GACA publishes a comprehensive set of civil aviation safety regulations (22 Sections) which are based on a combination of the U.S. FARs and ICAO Annexes.</td><td>GACA</td><td>Civil Aviation Law &amp;GACA Regulations</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>GACA begins the development of a complete set of Saudi Arabian Civil Aviation Regulations (GACARs)</td><td>GACA</td><td>Civil Aviation Law &amp; GACA Regulations</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>GACA publishes a comprehensive set of civil aviation safety regulations — the new GACARs are born.</td><td>GACA</td><td>Civil Aviation Law &amp; the New GACAR</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>On March 1st,2016 the GACARs came into force</td><td>GACA</td><td>GACARs</td></tr></table>
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[Non-Text]
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
1.2.1.5. Organizational Structures of the GACA Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Sector.
The first year of the newly formed independent GACA was 2005. The GACA organizational structure has experienced several changes since that time. The GACA organization is composed of several Sectors (see Figure 1.2.1.6) each carrying out specific functions and duties.
The AVSES Sector is responsible for regulating civil aviation activities within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The current organizational structure for the AVSES sector (see Figure 1.2.1.5) (formerly Safety, Security and Air Transport) contains four different levels as follows:
1) Level 1: The Executive Vice President – AVSES sector.
2) Level 2: The operational directorate headed by a General Manager.
3) Level 3: The operational divisions headed by directors. Each operational division (and its associated work units or offices) reports to one of the main departments of AVSES, as described in other GACA documentation.
4) Level 4: Sections which are headed by Section Heads who report to one of the main operational divisions.
NOTE: The GACA eBook will only address subjects that are applicable to the aviation safety functions in the AVSES Sector.
The diagram below depicts the organizational structure of the GACA Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Sector.
Figure 1.2.1.5 - Organizational structure of the GACA Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability Sector.

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Figure 1.2.1.6 - Organizational structure of the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA).

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GACA
الحياء للطبيه والن المحلي
General Authority of Civil Aviation
EBOOK VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
VOLUME 1. GENERAL GUIDANCE & INFORMATION
CHAPTER 2. THE GENERAL AUTHORITY OF CIVIL AVIATION (GACA) HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITIES
Section 2. The Aviation Safety Legislative Framework for Civil Aviation in KSA
1.2.2.1. The Legislative Framework for Civil Aviation in the KSA.
The legislative framework governing the civil aviation system in Saudi Arabia is the Civil Aviation Law, which was promulgated by Royal Decree No. M/44 18/07/1426H (23 August 2005). Pursuant to Article 180 of the Act, after publication in the Um Al Qura (Official Gazette) Issue No. 4068 on 25/09/1426H (28 October 2005), it became applicable on 26/03/1427H (24 April 2006) (one hundred and eighty days after its publication date) and repeals all provisions conflicting therewith.
As prescribed under Article 178 of the Civil Aviation Law, ("Repeal of Civil Aviation Laws"), once it entered into force, it repealed the Law of Landing and Passage of Foreign Military and Governmental Aircraft, and Diplomatic Aircraft within the Territory of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Exemption From Duties, issued by Royal Decree No. 7/7/15/2559, dated 1/4/1372H; the Law of Aerodromes Establishment Inside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, issued by Royal Decree No. 7/7/1/3456 in the month of Ramadan of the year 1372H; and the Aviation Law, issued by Royal Decree No. 17/2/22/3481, dated 24/9/1372H.
A. As prescribed under Article 178 of the Civil Aviation Law, (“Repeal of Civil Aviation Laws”), once it entered into force, it repealed the Law of Landing and Passage of Foreign Military and Governmental Aircraft, and Diplomatic Aircraft within the Territory of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Exemption From Duties, issued by Royal Decree No. 7/7/15/2559, dated 1/4/1372H; the Law of Aerodromes Establishment Inside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, issued by Royal Decree No. 7/7/1/3456 in the month of Ramadan of the year 1372H; and the Aviation Law, issued by Royal Decree No. 17/2/22/3481, dated 24/9/1372H.
1.2.2.3. The Civil Aviation Law.
A. The Civil Aviation Law. This law contains 14 Chapters, stipulating 180 Articles:
1) Chapter One: General Provisions:
• Section One: Definitions
• Section Two: Sovereignty and Powers of the Kingdom
• Section Three: General Provisions on Aviation
2) Chapter Two: Air Carriage Regulation:
• Section One: Policies and Implementation
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• Section Two: Licensing and Operating Aviation Companies
• Section Three: Air Transportation Facilitation
3) Chapter Three: Aerodromes and Navigational Services Facilities:
• Section One: Establishment, Management and Use of Aerodromes
• Section Two: Aerial Easement
• Section Three: Protection of Aerodromes, Aircraft and Navigation Equipment
4) Chapter Four: Aircraft:
• Section One: Aircraft Registration
• Section Two: Rights on Aircraft
• Section Three: Attachment of Aircraft
• Section Four: Airworthiness of Aircraft
• Section Five: Operation Specifications
5) Chapter Five: Airspace Rule
6) Chapter Six: Flying Permits and Training
7) Chapter Seven: Air Carriage and Aerial Work Operations:
• Section One: Applicable Rules and Instructions
• Section Two: Air Operations
8) Chapter Eight: Aviation Accidents
9) Chapter Nine: Search and Rescue
10) Chapter Ten: Aircraft Operation Liabilities and Guarantees:
• Section One: Air Carrier’s Liability
• Section Two: Liability for Damage
11) Chapter Eleven: Crimes and Acts Against Safety and Security of Civil Aviation:
• Section One: Definition of Crimes and Acts
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• Section Two: Jurisdiction and Duties of Authorities
12) Chapter Twelve: Penalties and Punishments
13) Chapter Thirteen: Military Aircraft
14) Chapter Fourteen: Concluding Provisions
1.2.2.3.1. The Process for Amendment of the Civil Aviation Law:
A. The proposed amendment is submitted to the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) Board of Directors for approval.
B. Once approved by the Board, a draft of the amendment is presented to His Majesty the King and is directed to the General Secretariat of the Council of Ministers (GSCM).
C. The GSCM processes the proposed amendment as follows:
1) It is sent to the Council of Experts for review and coordination with all concerned parties.
2) It is then sent to the Shura Council where a specialized committee is formed to review the proposed amendment, and who then forwards it back to the Shura Council for discussion, voting and approval.
3) Once approved by the Shura Council, it is included in the Council of Ministers agenda for review and approval.
4) Once approved by the Council of Ministers, a Royal Decree is issued approving the Council of Ministers Resolution.
NOTE: The above process may take up to two years to complete.
1.2.2.5. Enforcement and Empowerment of Inspectors.
A. The provisions pertaining to enforcement and empowerment of inspectors are dealt with in the following Chapters and Articles:
1) Chapter Eleven - Crimes and Acts against Safety and Security of Civil Aviation.
2) Chapter Twelve - Penalties and Punishments.
3) Article 6 - Inspection and preventing aircraft from flying and seizing the documents thereof.
4) Articles 17 and 100 related to inspection of operations of companies and agencies.
B. The Civil Aviation Law, Article 6, provides for the inspection and prevention of aircraft from flying and the seizure of documents thereof without prejudice to provisions of other laws and international treaties.
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1.2.2.7 GACA Aviation Safety Implementing Regulations
A. The GACA Aviation Safety Regulations (GACARs) constitute the GACA implementing regulations for aviation safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The GACARs are issued under the authority of the KSA Civil Aviation Law. The GACARs apply to all civil aviation activities in KSA. The GACARs are promulgated on the GACA official website https://gaca.gov.sa/ The GACARs rulemaking procedures are stipulated in GACAR Part-11 with the detailed policies and procedures in the GACA eBook Volume-1, Chapter-2, Section-10.
B. GACA Regulatory Circulars. Whenever deemed required, the President may issue a GACA Regulatory Circular. Regulatory Circulars have the same regulatory powers as the GACARs. All GACA Regulatory Circulars are published on the GACA website. In addition, GACA Regulatory Circulars relating to Aviation Standards are also published on the GACA Aviation Standards webpage.
C. Complementing policies, procedure, guidance, and advisory publications. The GACARs are complemented with the following publications that are promulgated on the GACA official website https://gaca.gov.sa/:
1) GACAR Implementing Policies, Processes, and Procedures, referred to hereinafter as the (eBooks) which contains mandatory policy and procedures guidance for the Aviation Standards inspectors, engineers, and specialists. It also, provides the required information to all regulated entities under the GACA Aviation Safety Regulations (GACARs) on the GACARs implementation policies, processes, and procedures that are applied to those entities by GACA Inspectors, engineers, and specialists. Policies and procedures for the development/amendment of the GACA EBBOKs are contained in Volume-1, Chapter-1, Section-1 of the eBook.
2) GACA Advisory Circulars (GACA-AC) which provide additional information and guidance for compliance with the GACARs. They define acceptable means, but not the only means, of accomplishing or showing compliance with the GACARs. Generally informative in nature, GACA Advisory Circulars are neither binding nor regulatory. Policies and procedures for the development/amendment of the GACA Advisory Circulars are contained in Volume-1, Chapter-2, Section-11 of the GACA eBook.
3) GACA Safety Bulletins (GACA-SB) which contain important safety information and may include recommended actions. Besides the specific action recommended in a GACA-SB, an alternative action may be as effective in addressing the safety issue named in the GACA-SB. The contents of a GACA-SB do not have the force and effect of the GACA Aviation Safety Regulations and are not meant to bind the public in any way. A GACA-SB is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the GACA Aviation Safety Regulations. Policies and procedures for the development/amendment of the GACA Safety Bulletins are contained in Volume-1, Chapter-2, Section-12 of the GACA eBook.
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CHAPTER 2. THE GENERAL AUTHORITY OF CIVIL AVIATION (GACA) HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITIES
Section 3. Safety Responsibilities of the State
1.2.3.1. General. As part of its obligations as a signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has put in place a State Safety Program (SSP).
To manage the safety of civil aviation in a structured and coherent manner. The State Safety Program of the KSA includes the following key components:
• Safety Policies and Objectives
• Safety Risk Management
- Safety Assurance
- Safety Promotion
A. The SSP of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia recognizes that many persons and organizations contribute to aviation safety, and each has duties and obligations that must be fulfilled in order for an acceptable level of safety to be maintained.
B. The SSP recognizes the safety responsibilities of several distinct participants in civil aviation. These include the following:
- The General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability (AVSES).
• National Transport Safety Center (NTSC)
- The General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) service provider sectors (including the Air Navigation Services Sector and the Airports Sector).
- Private sector individuals and organizations who participate in civil aviation activities whether for commercial or non-commercial reasons.
1.2.3.3. The General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) Aviation Safety & Environmental Sustainability (AVSES) Safety Responsibilities.
A. GACA AVSES. As the State safety regulator, GACA AVSES Sector has safety related responsibilities involving all
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sectors and activities associated with civil aviation in the KSA. Specifically, the AVSES Sector has regulation responsibilities include the following areas:
- Aircraft
- Airmen
- Airspace
- Air Operations including recreational aviation and aerial work
- Aviation Schools and Training Centers
- Maintenance Providers
- Aerodromes
• Air Navigation Services (ANS)
- Aeronautical Parts Manufacturers
- Persons engaged in the transportation of goods by air
B. The GACA's regulatory authority to prescribe, revise, and enforce safety standards is part of the duties and responsibilities that have been assigned to the Authority under the provisions of the Civil Aviation Law.
C. General rulemaking procedures followed by the GACA are explained in GACAR Part 11, and Chapter 02, Section 10 of this handbook; however, the President is the final authority with respect to all aviation safety rulemaking actions.
1.2.3.5. National Transport Safety Center (NTSC). The NTSC has been given the powers and duties concerning aviation serious occurrence investigations, formulating causes of aviation occurrences, and making aviation safety recommendations. Although GACA personnel may participate in aviation occurrence investigations conducted by the NTSC upon the 

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